GEOG 202 1nd EditionFinal Exam Study Guide-Ch. 8: Europe o42 countries west of Russian DomainoRelatively small region; densely settled oEastern boundary defined by world view oPhysical Setting -Marshy lowland around North Sea -Drought on the Iberian Peninsula-Mountainous Alps -Arctic conditions in northern Scandinavia -Plate boundary; earthquakes and volcanoes -New crustal formation along Mid-Atlantic Ridge Iceland of Mid-Atlantic Ridge -Volcanoes and geysers throughout Iceland -Geothermal Energy-Humans' Efforts to control-Volcano! -Heimaey, IcelandoEnvironmental Issues -Acid rain Woodland destruction by acid rain and toxic waste are legacies of communist rule (command economy) in Eastern Europe Emphasizes maximum industrial output -Coastal, river, and air pollution -Transformation of woodlands and wetlands -Dutch coastline, Dutch are best shoreline engineers in the world -Dutch Coastal Engineering25% of country near sea level Iconic image, Dutch boy with his finger in dike Windmills pump water out Miles long levee along coast Elaborate system of water gates/ robotic arms at Rotterdam Harbor oWorld Climate Regions -Much of Europe has a "maritime" climate -Mediterranean and Atlantic act as a "blanket"oClimate -Interpretation of climographsAverage daily temperatures highs and lows Average monthly participation Relative distance north or south of equatoroMaritime Europe -Strong connection to seas Even as far as Norway's fjords-Landlocked countries must accessCanals and navigable rivers oRelative Size and Latitude of Europe -Smaller area than North America -Milder climate -More northerly population center -Higher population density, population: 531 million oDemographic trends -More than 530 million people -High population densities -Low total fertility rates -Native population is aging -Largest countries? Germany is largest population -Population and Settlement termsDemographics: related to study of populations Migration: movement of people -Immigration -Emigration -Transmigration - movement to different part of same country oHistorical cityscapes - High level of urbanization -Medieval (900-1500): walled cities with narrow winding streets, densely packed, no set back from street -Renaissance - Baroque (1500-1800): more open, spacious with ceremonial building of statues, gardens, wide straight boulevards -Industrial: Factories, train stations, stadiums, modern buildings oHistorical Preservation-Europeans have strong cultural identity with their historic cityscapes oEurope's cultural diversity produces a mosaic of different languages, religions, and landscapes -Separation and nationalism -Leading role in globalization because of colonization -Religious Heritage Predominantly ChristianCatholic: Central and South EuropeOrthodox: 1000 years ago, SE Europe Middle East Christians reject Pope, Greek vs. Roman Protestant: 500 years ago, revolt against Pope, North Europe -Religious Landscapes are Changing Expanding diversity-Judaism: based in Europe since forced from Palestine 2000 yearsago -Jewish Pale: refuge in Poland and eastern EuropeMore religious change:-Expanding diversity-Islam; last 1000 years -Immigrating to Europe -Fastest growing population group in Europe Transition towards secularization: abandonment of traditional religion oGeopolitical Framework-42 proud countries -Multiple ethnic groups with distinct different cultures -Long history of rule by monarchs with inequitable treatment of ordinary citizens -Almost constant wars -Confrontation with demographic change oGeopolitical Issues -Autonomous regions (self-rule) vs. sovereignty (separate country)oGeopolitical Change -Notice how much the map of European has changed in less than 100 years -Irredentism: policy of reclaiming lost land occupied by those of smaller ethnicity -Balkanization: breaking political units into smaller ones oEurope: Long History of Conflict-Principle battleground during the two world wars -Cold War Division: Ideological Struggle Communism vs. democracy and capitalism East vs. West Warsaw Pact vs. NATO USSR vs US and western European allies-Europe: East and WestCold War - war was "cold" because no actual military conflict occurred due to fear of nuclear war (war of ideologies)Iron Curtain: margin line separating East and West in Europe during Cold War -Berlin Wall: 1961-1989-Zero contact across border Buffer Zone: territory west of USSR that offered protection from attack by Europe Two American Presidents-JFK: "We are all Berliners" -Ronald Reagan in 1987: "Mr. Gorbachev tear down this wall" Cold War ended on 11/4/1989-Berlin Wall came down -German unification began -How did Cold War end in 1989?-Revolt in eastern Europe, Poland elected non-communist government in August 1989-Russian Problems-Did not have economic resources to enforce world views-Hungary and Czechoslovakia opened borders to West-Then Berlin Wall came down and Cold War was history oIndustrial Revolution -Extremely important event in globalization -Began in textile mills of England in 1700's using water power -Expanded by using coal as energy source to produce steam -Industrial Revolution spread because fuel and technology Railroads developed circa 1820; allows economic transportation of coal to factories Europe became worlds economic powerhouse -Ch. 9: Russian DomainoPhysical Setting-Huge: largest country-High latitudes -Mountain ranges UralsCaucasusEastern-Ukraine: Farmland-South Russia: Steppe (grassland)-Siberia: Taiga (forest), tundra (no trees), and permafrostoHigh Latitude Continental Climate-Hard, cold winters -Severe seasonal temperatures -Marginal agricultural potential -Climograph - be able to tell where the area is located by looking at a climographoAgriculture-Limited by harsh climate and poor soils -Only is Southwest -Ukraine grows grain that feeds Russia oPopulation and Settlement-210 million people -Mostly urban-Concentrated west of Ural mountains -PopulationSparsely populated Moscow: largest city, continues to attract workers St. Petersburg: Baltic PortSiberian region has lost 40% of its population since 1991 -Population Indicators Largest: Russia, 2nd: Ukraine TFR's-Low, not replenishing itself without immigration Recent Migration-Toward Moscow-Immigrants were Russians returning from central Asia -Emigrants (people leaving Russia) to Europe and to Israel, "Brain Drain" of young,