ENTO 322 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. External Morphology part 1Outline of Current LectureI. Physiology & MorphologyII. Discussion of SystemsCurrent LectureI. Physiology & morphology – direct linkagesII. Discussion of systemsa. Nervousi. Structure1. Nerve cord is on the ventral side (stomach)2. Primitive species have two separate brain cords3. Highly specialized species have combined the cords to create a dual system ii. Function1. Regulation of systems2. Sensoryiii. Adaptations 1. Generalized species have smaller glands2. Specialized species have to fly faster so they need more neuron activity = larger glands b. Digestivei. Structure – starts with the mouthparts and runs all the way through the thorax goes back to the abdomen; also included valves and other structures that help grind up food 1. 3 structures:a. foreguti. mouth to the cardiac valveii. collection and grind up of food b. midguti. cardiac valve to the pyloric valveii. food is broken down by enzymes These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. hindguti. pyloric valve to the rectumii. pass through hindgut to exit as waste ii. Function1. First section a. Stomodaeum i. the crop is for storageii. the proventriculus is used to grind the foodiii. preparation of the food 2. Second sectiona. Mesenteroni. Cardiac valve keeps the food lubricated and allows the enzymes to workii. Food digestion to feed the cells3. Third section a. Proctodaemi. Travels through and they have a structure that squeezes out all of the water as a form of conservationii. Then the waste is pushed outiii. Adaptations 1. During molting the exoskeleton is shed which includes the hindgutand foregut of the digestive system2. Adaptations to having too much or too little amount of water in the bodyc. Respiratoryi. Structure1. Spiracles acts as lungsa. Located on the medial sides of the insects2. Tracheae tubes and tracheole tubes that intertwine with the muscles called a direct system ii. Functions (to be continued on 9/26)iii. Adaptations d. Circulatoryi. Structureii. Functionsiii. Adaptations e. Reproductivei. Structureii. Function 1. Direct fertilization2. Eggs (ovum)3. Embryogenesis iii.