Exam III Review - “Doctrine of signatures”:o E.g. hairy bugs can cure baldness- Insect blood: used to treat urogenital complaints and electrolyte imbalances- Bed bugs: used as treatment for sores with natural antibiotic in salivary secretions- Fly maggots: produce allantoin which cleans/sterilizes wounds (civil war) and even today- Predator: o Multiple hosts (consumes several hosts during life cycle)- Parasite:o Single host (may survive)o Ecto-parasite: outsideo Endo-parasite: inside- Parasitoid:o Single host, host is KILLEDo Protelean = death (early)- Pathogen:o *Disease agent Bacteria Virus Fungi Nematodes- Commercial Rearing Facilities (KNOW DIFFERENCE)o Innundative releases: flood the areas with a biological-like “insect pesticide”o Classical introduction of specific biological control agents to control specific pests through establishment from endemic home of pesto Augmentation of existing biological control agents as needed and preserve the beneficial insects (avoid pesticides)- Phytophagous = herbivores- Zoophagous = carnivores- Monophagus: single species- Oligophagous: same genera- Polyphagous: wide spectrum of hosts (plant or animal)- Omnivorous: utilize both plants and animals- Angiosperms: flowering plants with leaves- Gymnosperms: plants with needles- Annuals: germination to seeds in one year- Perennial: germination to seeds takes two or more years- You can eat almost any part of a plant- Insects eat fruits and seeds because of their high nutrient content- Chewing:o Girdlingo Edge feederso Skeletonizerso Leaf rollerso Borers- **What’s the benefit of a plant producing a deterrent?o Protects itself- Olfactory (chemicals)o Allopathic: interspecific chemicals Allomones: benefit to SENDING organism- “All about me” Kairomones: benefit to RECEIVING organism- “I KARE about you” Synamones: mutualismo Phagostimulants - induce feeding- *Mycetomes (symboints)o *Bacteria or protozoan- Entomophagous (insects)o Eating insects- Hemetophagous (blood feeders):o Piercing/sucking/cutting mouth parts Biting flies, mosquitoes and gnatso Host finding Carbon dioxide Heat Odoro Blood removal Pool feeders (capillary leaks) Blood pressure of host Pharyngeal pumpo Feeding without detection Light-landers Small size Salivary secretions (anesthetize)o Reasons for blood feeding Source of proteins (egg laying/survival) Moisture Vitamins/minerals/carbohydrates Reduce autogeny (self destruction of muscles)o Problems with blood feeding by arthropods Exsanguinate Anemia Irritation (livestock don’t feed or mature) Transmission (vectors) of disease agents- Myiasis:o E.g. guy in the sewer with flies all over his beardo Immature instars living in a live hostTexas Livestock Insects- Cattle grubs  fly (Diptera)o Eggs on hock or heelo Larvae penetrate skin and work to the back- Face flieso Feed on mucous membranes around eyes/noseo Rest on face- Screw Worm flieso Size of common flieso Use living tissues (wounds)- Lice (PEDICULOSIS)o Irritationo Biting liceo Weight loss in livestock & poultry- Animal Adaptationso Dense skino Morphological & behavior adaptationso Chemical defense (odors)o Tailso Clustering (herding)o Milling/migrations**INSECTS ARE VECTORS OF PATHOGENS THAT CAUSES DISEASE- Entomophobia: fear of insectso Similar to panic attackso Can generally be cured if handled correctly- Delusory/Delusionary Parasitosiso Psychosis – condition where a person believes they are being