Overview and Introduction 1 Quiz questions will be on the test 2 There will be test questions about the syllabus 3 What is entomology a The study of insects and others b From Greek entomon designates a creature that we call insets three legs c Latin insecure insectum means to cut into segments like segmented bodies of insects d Hexa and poda six legged and six footed creatures 4 Insects are the most dominant group on earty a UP TO 1 MILLION SPECIES b MAKE UP 80 OF LIVING 5 Most diverse of all animals 6 Balance of nature a 230 million in top 9 inches of soil in an acre of meadowland a Insects can be predators parasites scavengers and food sources 7 They are the pinnacle of creation vastly different from human but both are pinnacles been here longer than us 8 Valuable to humans for product production and pollination 9 Only 5 of insects are harmful 10 Invade every aspect of our life including our bodies 11 Variety of shapes sizes and colors 12 Dangerous insects a Can adversely affect health by biting stinging or entering our body b Most dangerous species on earth is the common mosquito 13 Successful a Rigid exoskeleton i Holds moisture in b Size varies c Flight i Only arthropods that can fly d Metamorphosis e Reproduction i Insect changes form throughout life i Produce a large number of offspring ii Large reproductive rate iii Fast generation time f Good fossil record because of exoskeleton i 350 400 million years 14 Introduction to scientific method a Unbiased approach to determining truth i Facts and reality vs falsehoods and distortions b Limits of science i Must be able to observe and measure ii Must avoid bias in all testing and conclusions iii Theories in science are subject to change from new data c Variations on scientific method i Socrates Greek 1 Socratic questions 2 Hypothesis explanation 3 Tutor to Plato 4 Ethics 5 I only know what I know a Inductive Reasoning i This was a weakness ii Funnel turned upside down iii Thought about what was the truth through broad applications iv Didn t catch many errors v Conclusion came through a simple discussion ii Aristotle Greek 1 Student of Plato 2 Philosopher and teacher 3 Scientist a Geology naturalist dissections and ethics b Observed things adding to method c By experimentation iii Alhazen Muslim 1 Math engineering optics and experimentation 2 Controlled testing 3 Reasoning deduction iv Galileo 1 Physicist math astronomy 2 Experimentation a Notes and observation b After many rounds drew a conclusion v Johannes Kepler German 1 Astronomy and math 2 Formalized term of hypothesis and use d Modern Steps i State question ii Gather information observe and measure iii Form hypothesis 1 Try to use null hypothesis you say that you don t want to see differences in your results helps with bias 2 Must prove it before stating it at all iv Test hypothesis experiment and collect data 1 Do replications of experiments a Can then use statistics instead of just one measurement Interpret date draw a conclusion v Analyze date reasoning and statistics to draw a conclusion vi vii Publish and teach results viii Retest yourself or others and hopefully get the same conclusion e Hypothesis observations f Theory i A proposed explanation for observed phenomena based on i Summary of several hypotheses which have been repeatedly tested but can be accepted or rejected based on new evidence i Body of observations and evidence with no exceptions noted ii But it could be challenged g Law Classification 1 Taxonomy It is human nature to name and catalog things a b The science of naming classifying and identifying organisms c Providing an nomenclature 2 Carl Linnaeus published 1758 Systema Naturae a Tried to name everything that he came into contact with b 2000 species i Binomial with genus and species ii Now universally adopted 3 The first insect species described from North America in 1758 was the tiger swallowtail 4 Now there is a accepted common names by Entomological Society of America 5 Scientists have poor senses of humor when they are naming species 6 Taxonomic arrangement a Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species i Domain 1 Eubacteria single cell cell membrane and simple DNA 2 Archaebacteria single cell cell membrane complex exons but no nucleus DNA exons and introns 3 Eukaryota all of above plus a nucleus to house DNA ii Kingdom down from Eukaryota 1 Animalia multicellular with cell membranes and a defined single nucleus heterotropes feed on other organisms 2 Plantae multicellular with cell walls of cellulose defined single nucleus autotropes with chlorophyll to feed themselves 3 Fungi multicellular with cell walls and defined multiple nuclei coenocytic heterotropes 4 Protista single cell with cell membrane and single defined nucleus some disease agents like malaria iii Phylum down from animalia 1 Arthropoda insects iv Class a Segmented bodies metamerism i Head thorax and abdomen Jointed appendages b c Exoskeleton shed this d Bilaterally symmetrical e Dorsal heart open circulation in the butt with circulation on the top half of the body f Ventral nerve cord 2 that runs on the bottom half of the body and ganglionic masses along the line this is what causes them to be able to move without head g Sexual reproduction for the vast majority a Chelicerata spiders ticks and mites i Chiliscera to attach to the host b Crustacean isopods and shrimp crab and lobster c Atelocrata insects millipedes and centipedes i Horns on them antennae 2 Subphylum 1 Chilopoda centipedes preserve in alcohol a Head with one pair of antennae b Body or trunk c 1 pair of legs per segment d Poison claw on chin for first pair of legs e No wings f Simple eyes 2 Diplopoda millipedes preserve in alcohol a Head with one pair of antennae b Body called a trunk c 2 pair of legs per segment d No wings 3 Malacostraca shrimp and crabs preserve in alcohol a Lobsters Crayfish Crabs Shrimp Pill bugs b Head head and thorax cephalothorax c Abdomen d Legs five pairs of appendages e 2 pairs of antennae f Gills aquatic or semi aquatic g No wings h Orders i Isopoda pill bugs roll up and have gills ii Decapoda lobsters shrimp and crabs 4 Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks and mites preserve in alcohol a Cephalothorax compressed head and thorax b Large abdomen c 8 legs in adults d Not antennae or wings 5 Hexapoda insects a Head with one pair of antennae b Thorax with six legs c May have one or two pairs of wings d Abdomen 1 31 but we will study 24 and a few suborders 2 Identification of organisms