Insect Plant Animal Interactions 1 Human need for food and requisites for life a Food plants and animals b Water c Atmosphere oxygen and nitrogen d Favorable environment e Shelter and harborage i Issues with termites and stuff f Others of the same species for reproduction 2 Nomadic vs settlements farming a To grow crops started the fight against pests b 15000 years ago nomadic i Migrated seasonally ii Gatherers and hunters that foraged off of land 1 Resources got more scare as population grew iii Concept of villages specialization with tasks iv Farming stable food supplies could ve started with growth in rubbish piles c 500 to 10000 years ago transitioned to agrarian i Stable food supply and storage of food ii Variety of foods via trading of seeds and plants iii Domestication of animals 3 Fossils in geological time frames a Preserved plants and animals in rock substrates b Closest to top of substrate are newer and more recent c Bottom are older and ancient d Estimates of relationships are mainly assumptions basically theories 4 Co evolution selection breeding and biotechnology a Natural selection and survival of the fittest b Human intervention and selection for desirable traits c Breeding for traits in plants and animals d Biotechnology genetic manipulation in plants and animals GMOs i Scorpion gene into cotton to make it insect resistant 5 Phytophagous herbivore and zoophagous carnivore life styles a Monophagous eat a single species i Mostly in hexapods b Oliphagous eat plants that are related i Also insects can be an issue in cultivation c Polyphagous eat a wide spectrum of hosts d Omnivourous eat both plants and animals cockroaches also cannibalistic 6 Relationships of arthropods to plants a 500000 species of insects vs 308000 species of plants i About half of all insects eat plants b Plant types i Angiosperms flowering plants with broad leaves ii Gymnosperms plants with needles for leaves iii Annuals seeds to plants to seeds in one year or season iv Perennial seed t seed takes more than two years c Examples of numbers of insects on plant types i Clover 100 citrus 200 corn 300 apples 400 elms 600 oaks 1500 ii Perennial plants are more likely to have more insect species d Plant tissues eaten by insects i Plant tissues eaten by insects ii Botany 1 Angiosperm annual a Flower fruit b Leaf c Stem i Xylem moves nutrients up ii Phloem takes sugar down d Crown e Root 2 Perennial a Foliage b Seeds fruit c Trunk d Crown e Root 3 Tubers a Store carbohydrates and starches in tubers b Have these instead of roots or at the end of their underground roots iii Leaves 1 May eat it may lay eggs in it 2 On top between layers iv Bark or coverings 1 Holes in it tunnels under it v Stems branches and trunks 1 In veins or in hollow of stem vi Crown truck and soil contact point 1 Burrowing in vascular tissue vii Roots 1 Root worms in sorghum cause it to look like drought viii Reproductive tissues 1 Fruits tubers seeds etc 2 Eggs laid here often to provide a starchy or sugary food ix Specialization needed for eating destruction of each part of the source plant e Types of insect feeding i Chewing 1 Vein feeders 2 Edge feeders a Girdling break vascular tissues of the plant a Eat along the outside of the leaves most sugar is a Punch holes in softer tissues in the leaves most here 3 Skeletonizers miners sugar 4 Leaf rollers a Lepidoptera is most often b Eat it in such a way to roll it up and live there i Protects them from predators c May even spin silk around it to hold it in cylinder shape 5 Borers a Wood b Bore holes often exit holes after growing within the tree ii Sucking either piercing or rasping 1 Fluid extractors a Have to pierce outer covering then suck juices from xylem and phloem b Had to adapt to process liquids i Guts mix together ii Secrete honeydew c Have the potential to spread plant pathogens 2 Gall formers a Feeding large population sizes often i Remove resources b Excreting c Oviposition i Discoloration may allow fungi to grow i Damages tissue ii iii Combo produces gall growths Injects eggs and fluids f Plant selection by insects i Colors 1 Determines time of year plant type and of course color ii Patterns striation in foliage 1 Difference in grass looks and tree looks iii Olfactory smell chemicals 1 Smell via antenna and maxillary palp 2 Allopathic inter specific chemicals a Help them to find specific plants b Allomones benefit to sending organism like plant polination c Kairomone benefit to receiving organism like what they want to eat d Synamones mutualism 3 Phagostimulants chemicals that induce feeding a When the insect bites into the plant they re looking for they start to feed quickly and eat a lot 4 Deterrents a Color leaves and stem structure and excretions b May be something sticky or something bitter tasting or needles and glossy leaves too thick to eat 5 Rendezvous sites mating not feeding g Plant nutrients needed by insects 1 Like our cholesterol insects have to get theirs from i Plant sterols plants ii Vitamins iii Minerals iv Mycetomes 1 Up from vascular in plants Inclusion in the fat body with bacteria in them 1 Special adaptation 2 3 Helps digest cellulose into simple sugars 4 Called symbionts bacteria or protozoans a Cellulases are found in termites b Nitrogen for nucleic acids in proteins c Critical B vitamins needed for growth 7 Interaction of arthropods with animals a Zoophagous animal eaters b Entomophagous insect eater c Predators consume several hosts or prey i Used in biological controls ii Searchers constantly moving around searching for prey 1 Either outrunning them or surprising them iii Stalkers wait in environment for host to come by 1 Hide and then strike quickly iv Trappers use webbing or others to capture prey 1 Prey moves through the environment v Parasites extract resources but do not kill host 1 Takes just enough to keep host alive because otherwise they die 2 Ectoparasite outside of host a Like fleas and lice 3 Endoparasite live within a host in tissue or other organs of the host a Safer for them because they re protected by body vi Parasitoid extracts resources from the host and does kill them 1 These are mostly independent organisms a Like the wasp that lays eggs in pupae pods vii Hematophagous blood feeders 1 Mosquitoes not parasites because they don t live off of the host just feed from them 2 Have piercing sucking cutting mouth parts a Like biting flies b Sometimes like a pair of scissors 3 Host finding a Carbon dioxide tracking b Heat tracking