Psych 101 1nd Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Classical ConditioningOutline of Current Lecture II. Operant ConditioningCurrent Lecture1. Operant Conditioning- learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences 2. Names associated with operant conditioninga. Thorndike’s Law of Effect: responses that lead to satisfying outcomes will be repeatedb. Skinner Box- rat in a box presses a lever to receive foodc. Reinforcement- process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeatedi. Primary reinforcer- satisfy biological needsii. Secondary reinforcer- associated with a primary recinforcerd. Punishment- stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior willoccur againSee Figure 3 (pg. 181)3. Reasons why reinforcement is better than punishmenta. Provides more of an alternative b. More positive= better results4. Schedules of reinforcement: patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement followingdesired behaviorsa. Continuous- every time it occursb. Partial- reinforcing some but not all the timei. Fixed ratio- only given after a specific number of responses are madeii. Fixed interval- only after a certain amount of time has passediii. Variable ratio- occurs after a varying number of responses rather than a fixed numberiv. Variable interval- after some varying period of timec. Which schedule produces highest results and has lowest rate of response?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Variable interval5. Other terms:a. Discrimination (discriminative stimulus)- signals the likelihood that reinforcementwill follow a responseb. Generalization (stimulus generalization)- learns a response to one stimulus and exhibits same response to slightly different stimulic. Shaping- process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of desired behaviord. Behavior modification- formalized technique for promoting frequency of desirable behaviors and decrease incidence of unwanted