PSYCH 101 1nd Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. VisionOutline of Current Lecture II. Hearing & Other SensesCurrent Lecture1. What is sound?a. The movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration2. Describe the structural parts of the ear, and the function of each part in detecting sounda. Outer ear- detects direction of soundb. Eardrum- vibrates when sound waves hit itc. Middle ear (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) – Just inside of eardrum. Amplifiesd. Inner eari. Cochlea- coiled tube in ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to soundii. Basilar membrane (covered with hair cells)- Vibrating structure that runs through cochlea, dividing it into upper and lower chambers, contains sense receptors for sounde. What causes the sound waves to be converted into neural activity?i. Oval window3. Describe the basic physical properties of sounda. Frequency (pitch) – number of wave cycles per secondb. Amplitude (decibels) – Wave patterns that allow us to distinguish between loud and soft sounds4. Distinguish between place theory and frequency theory of hearinga. Place theory- Different area of basilar membrane respond to different frequenciesb. Frequency theory- Entire basilar membrane acts as microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to sound5. Explain how semicircular canals detect motion and produce the sense of balancea. Semicircular canalsi. When head moves, fluid moves throughb. Otolithsi. Tiny, motion sensitive crystals in semicircular canalsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.6. Describe the sensory mechanisms of smella. Olfaction- sense of smelli. Olfactory cells- Receptor neurons in noseii. Pheromones- Scents affect emotions7. Describe the sensory mechanisms of tastea. Gustation- sense of tastei. Taste qualities1. Sweet2. Sour3. Salty4. Bitter5. Umamiii. Taste buds1. Supertasters- highly sensitive to taste2. Nontasters- insensitive to taste8. Describe the senses of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. What is Substance P?a. Skin senses: touch, pressure, temperatureb. Substance P- Transmits pain messages to brain9. Describe the gate-control theory of paina. Particular nerve receptors lead to specific area of brain related to pain10. Give examples of different methods of managing paina. Medication (most common)b. Nerve and brain stimulationc. Light therapy- depressiond. Hypnosise. Biofeedbackf. Surgeryg. Cognitive restructuring11. Multimodal Perceptiona.