PSYCH 101 1nd Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. Hearing and Other SenseOutline of Current Lecture II. Perceptual OrganizationCurrent Lecture1. Distinguish perception from sensation (review)a. Perception- an attempt to construct a meaningful situationb. Sensation- Initial response to a stimulusi. What do we mean by “figure” in perception?1. Object being perceivedii. What is “ground”?1. Background/ spaces within the object2. Distinguish between the Gestalt approach and feature analysis.a. Feature analysis- Breakdown into features and process separatelyb. Gestalt principlesi. Closure- we tend to group elements together to form enclosed/ completefiguresii. Proximity- We perceive elements that are closer as grouped togetheriii. Similarity- we perceive similar elements to be grouped togetheriv. Simplicity- when we observe a pattern, we perceive it in the most basic way3. Distinguish between top-down and bottom- up processing.a. Top-down processing- Perception that is guided by higher level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivationb. Bottom-up processing- Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole4. Explain perceptual consistencya. The phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent despite changes in their appearance or in physical environment.5. The ability to view the world in 3-D and to perceive distance is called depth perception.a. Binocular disparity- Difference in images seen by the left eye and the right eyeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Monocular cues- Cues that permit us to obtain a sense of depth and distance with just ONE eyei. Motion Parallax- Change in position of an object on the retina caused by movement of the body relative to the objectii. Linear perspective- Estimating distance; allows 2-D image on retina to record 3-D worldiii. Relative size- Objects farther away look smaller than objects that are closeriv. Texture gradient- Provides information about distance because the detailsof objects that are far away are less distinct than objects that are closer6. What are visual illusions?a. Physical stimuli that consistently produces errors in stimulib. Muller-Lyer illusion- the arrow on the right looks bigger, but they are both the same7. Discuss cultural differences in depth perceptiona. Zulu vs. Westerner perspectives- the Zulu are less susceptible to the illusion than are the people who grew up where most structures are built using right angles and rectangles8. Discuss the evidence for the existence of subliminal perceptiona. In a study, people were exposed to a descriptive label (prime) that said something like happy, smart, etc. they were exposed to the prime so briefly that they don’t remember it but later made assumptions about the person based on that prime.b. Subliminal perception refers to the perception of messages about which we have no awarenessi. Priming= descriptive labelc. Extrasensory perception refers to the perception that does not involve our known senses. Does it exist?i. According to psychologists-