BIOL 209 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Norovirus & Blood Type ConnectionA. Norovirus definitionB. Question/AnswerII. Viral LatencyIII. Microbial GrowthA. RequirementsB. Sources of NutrientsC. Question/AnswerIV. SaprobesV. Binary FissionVI. Bacterial GrowthA. Exponential growthB. Question/AnswerC. Phases of population growth1. Lag2. Exponential3. Stationary4. DeathD. Conditions Effecting GrowthOutline of Current Lecture I. Microbial GrowthA. Question/Answer’sB. Energy TransferCurrent LectureI. Microbial GrowthA. Question/Answer’s1. What do cells use energy for? To collect/organize components, synthesis of biomolecular subunits and the linkage into polymers, movement & transport, active transport2. Where does the energy for growth come from? The sun and inorganic earth materials (used by lithotropes)3. Where is the energy in food? In the bonds4. Why can’t we get nutrition from eating wood (a string of glucose molecules)? We don’t have the enzymes to digest itB. Energy TransferThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. At the community level: biomass producers and consumersa. Energy transfer is always inefficientb. Energy stored in food is converted into ATP and lower energy end products (including heat)2. Pathogenic microbes are heterotrophs, relying on other organisms for materials and energya. Food is catabolized to generate useful energy (ATP), which is then used to synthesize components for cell growth (anabolism)b. The catabolism of food within the cell occurs in multiple steps, each controlled by a particular enzyme- Cell can efficiently capture energy stored in food molecules3. ATP is the usable energy source (“currency”) for the cella. Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate group releases energyb. Transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to other moleculesc. It can be regenerated in several ways – by transfer of phosphate groups from a high-energy substrate to ADP (called substrate-levelphosphorylation)4. Examples of cell worka. Mechanical work: movement of flagellab. Chemical work: catabolismc. Transport work: transport of proteins within the cell or out of the cell5. Enzymes are catalystsa. Catalysts promote reactions by reducing the initial activation energy (priming) that is necessary to start a reaction- The overall energetics of the reaction are not affected by catalysts6. Enzymes are proteinsa. Like all proteins they fold into a unique shape based upon interactions between the amino acids in their polypeptide chain- The final shape of protein determines its functionb. Final enzyme structure creates a highly specific binding site for the particular substrates of the reaction that the enzyme catalyzes- This binding site is known as the active sitec. Enzymes can catalyze reactions by bringing substrates together and by altering the shape of a substrate to promote reactions- Enzymes bind to two substrate molecules and orient them precisely to occur between them- Enzymes strain the bound substrate molecule, forcing it toward a transition state to favor a reaction7. Coenzymesa. Small molecules that help enzymes catalyze particular reactions by accepting or donating a chemical group- They don’t function independently of enzymesb. Many vitamins are part of coenzymes8. Transfer of electrons from nutrient molecules to final electron acceptors is an important source of energya. The coenzyme NAD acts as an electron acceptor/carrier that accepts anelectron from a substrate and is converted to NADH, which can then transfer the electron to a different acceptor- NAD(H) transfers electrons eventually onto other acceptors to regenerate