BIOL 209 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Question/Answer’sII. FlagellaA. Structure & Function1. Conjugation pili2. FimbriaeB. MovementIII. Pili & FimbriaeA. Structure & FunctionIV. GlycocalyxA. Structure & FunctionV. BiofilmsVI. Interior Bacterial StructuresA. Bacterial NucleoidB. RibosomesC. EndosporesOutline of Current Lecture I. Question/Answer’sII. Protein Transport & SecretionIII. DigestionIV. Energy AcquisitionV. Cytoskeletal StructuresA. MicrofilamentsB. MicrotubulesC. Assembled MicrotubulesVI. FungiA. Fungal PathogensB. Yeasts and MoldsVII. ProtozoaCurrent LectureI. Question/Answer’sA. How does the growth of fungal cells as hyphae (filaments) compare to biofilms? What's similar, what's different? Answer: Similar: attachment/adhesion, multicellular, can protect, obtain food by absorbing nutrients, Different: biofilms consist of multiple species and hyphae consist of only oneThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Protein Transport & Secretion: mRNA transported out of the nucleus may be translated by ribosomes attached to the rough ER leading to translocation of newly synthesized protein into the lumen of the ERA. Proteins within the ER are moved in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus, which directs their transport to the cell surface for secretion (or transport to other intracellular organelles)III. DigestionA. Contain digestive enzymes1. They fuse with vesicles containing ingested particles (food, or invading pathogens) to help degrade the contents of the vesicleIV. Energy AcquisitionA. Mitochondria have a dual membrane structure that is used to partition protons allowing the synthesis of ATPV. Cytoskeletal StructuresA. Microfilaments1. Bundles of actin used for cytoplasm movement and changes in cell shapeB. Microtubules1. Made with tubulin protein2. Involved in movement of intracellular vesicles and function in cell locomotionC. Assembled Microtubules1. Responsible for eukaryotic flagellar and cilia movement2. Flagella and cilia induce movement through a whip-like or rowing motionVI. FungiA. Fungal pathogens primarily infect individuals with reduced immune function1. Some can infect healthy individuals a. Example: Dermatophytes - fungal pathogens that cause skin infections such as Athlete's Foot or RingwormB. Yeasts and Molds 1. Primarily decomposers a. Absorbs nutrients rather than digesting food2. Can be found as part of our normal flora, but there are some pathogenic formsas wella. Other fungi are antibiotic-producing (Penicillium sp.) and some make foods (baker's yeast)3. Yeasts are unicellulara. Cell walls composed of chitin (polysaccharide)b. Both unicellular and filamentous multicellular forms are observed- Filamentous forms called hyphae (septated or non-septated) are branching chains that grow radially forming mold, which can penetrate its substrateVII. ProtozoansA. Large variety of forms1. Most are mobile2. Some have complex life cycles that include cyst formsa. Flagellates – Chagas disease b. Ciliates – non-pathogenicc. Sporozoans – non-motile, intestinal inflammationd. Amoebas – use psuedopods, amoebic dysentery3. Some have a cyst form, which is resistant to killing and promotes transmission of infectiona. Some parasites use a vector for transmission- Example: Babesia parasites grow in the tick Ixodes scapularis and the tick's normal host, deer mice. The pathogen can be transmitted to humans following a bite by an infected tick.4. Although relatively resistant, cysts are not as resilient as