BIOL 209 1st Edition Lecture23 Outline of Last Lecture I. Question/Answer’sII. DefinitionsIII. Antimicrobial drugsIV. Antibiotic TargetsV. Sulfa DrugsVI. Antiviral DrugsVII. Antibiotic SensitivityVIII. Kirby Bauer TestOutline of Current Lecture I. Question/Answer’sII. DefinitionsIII. AntibioticsIV. VaccinesV. Population EffectsA. Herd immunityVI. The Immune System Current LectureI. Question/Answer’sA. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogenB. Beta-lactam containing antibiotics target cell wallsC. Why did we live through times when antibiotics weren’t around? We have immunity – a natural protection against diseaseD. What factors influence the likelihood of outbreaks in a population only partially immune? Mode of transmission (some very resilient, will transmit quickly)E. Which population would need to have a higher rate of immunization to avoid influenza epidemic (Washington DC, Richmond, Fairfax)? Washington DC, because the population density is highest which increases probability of transmissionII. DefinitionsA. Vaccination: taking advantage of our immune system 1. Surviving initial infection meant resistance to all future infection by pathogen – developing immunityB. Vaccine: purposeful exposure to acquire diseaseC. Adjuvent: immune system stimulant in vaccinesIII. AntibioticsA. Factors that influence choiceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Susceptibility2. Individual’s toxicity/allergy3. Antibiotic-associated infection (when people are susceptible to infection after taking the antibiotic)B. Broad spectrum antibiotic: affects many pathogensC. Narrow spectrum antibiotic: affects specific pathogen(s)1. Won’t wipe out normal flora – treatment may remove pathogen responsible for initial infection, but loss of normal microbiome occurs D. Antibiotic treatment may remove pathogen responsible for initial infection, but loss of normal microbiome occurs & another pathogen may grow that is resistant to the antibioticIV. VaccinesA. Small Pox1. Ancient disease with broad effects – infection with variola major (a DNA virus)a. Blisters, body aches, rash2. A vaccine was developed by Dr. JennerB. Whole pathogen killed/inactivated OR live, but greatly reduced activity (non-virulentC. Pathogen components1. Viral subunits (capsids, envelop glycoproteins, for example)2. Acellular protein or carb components, from cellular pathogens – toxoids (inactivated toxins)D. Can be extremely effectiveV. Population EffectsA. Herd Immunity1. If most of population is immune, then even non-vaccinated members may be protecteda. When fraction of immunized members drops, then non-immunized population is subject to an outbreakVI. The Immune System A. Natural resistance to pathogen infection 1. Innate immunity: immediate response to pathogen infection – alerts adaptive immune cells2. Adaptive (acquired) immune system: long-lasting, specific response to pathogen infectiona. Characteristics- Memory: provides long-lasting immunity- Highly specific- Broad/diverse- Tolerance: distinguishes between pathogens, or pathogen-infecting cells, and host
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