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UWL BIO 312 - Joints/articulations and skin

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Lecture 6 Lecture Outline:I Joints/Articulationsa. Functionb. Typesc. Structured. Injuries/diseasesII Integumentary SystemCurrent LectureJoints/Articulations: the sites where two or more bones meet- Functions: to hold skeleton together and to give it mobility- Study page 3 of power point set 4- Classification based off two major classificationso Structural: based on type of material holding bones together and whether a joint cavity is present Fibrous: bones joined by dense fibrous tissue, most are immovable- Sutures in skull, teeth in mouth Cartilaginous joints: held together by cartilage- Costal cartilage between ribs and sternum, intervertebral discs, interpubic disc Synovial joints: bones separated by fluid containing joint cavity- Freely movable- Makes up most joints in appendicular skeleton- Types based on movement and shape of articulating surface (fig 8.7 in text)o Plane joint: where two flat surfaces come together (ribs-vertebrae)o Hinge joint: allow flexion and extension; elbows, knees, fingerso Pivot joint: allows rotational movement; neck, rotation of elbowo Condyloid joint: ball and socket; knuckleso Saddle joint: carpometacarpal joint of thumbo Ball and socket: shoulder and hipso Functional: classification based on amount of movement allowed at joint Synarthrotic: immovable (in axial skeleton) Amphiarthrotic: slightly movable (in axial skeleton) Diarthrotic: freely movable (found mostly in appendicular skeleton)- Reinforcing ligaments: tough connective tissue that holds two bones together- Actions of Joints:o Flexion: decreasing the angle of a jointo Extension: increasing the angle of a jointo Abduction: moving away from the bodyo Adduction: bringing something closer to your bodyo Lateral Rotation: rotating to open away from the bodyo Medial Rotation: rotating to open towards bodyo Suppination: rotating to open upwardso Pronation: rotating to open downwardBio 312Common joint injuries:- Sprains: ligament(s) torn or overstretched- Dislocation: bones forced out of proper alignmentInflammatory and degenerative diseases of joints- Inflammation: local response of the body to tissue injury or infectiono Characterized by dilation of blood vessels, swelling, pain, heat, redness- Arthritis: most common disease of jointso Over 100 different types of inflammaroy and or degenerative types have been identifiedo Affects 1 out of 7 Americanso All forms have same initial symptoms of pain, stiffness, and swellingo 3 major chronic types: Osteoarthritis: most common chronic degenerative arthritis- Will occur to 85% of us- Wear and tear arthritis- Normal use causes enzymes to be released that break down cartilageo Especially the collagen fibers and menisci- Exposed bone thickens and forms spurs- May restrict movement and cause stiffness and pain- Treat symptoms with analgesics Rheumatoid Arthritis: chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease- Onset usually between 30-50 years old (affects about 1%)- Usually bilateral (occurs in same joints on both sides of body)- More common in women (3x)- Inflammation due to immune response- Synovial fluid accumulates- Pannus tissue forms which may ossify- Potential for ankyloses of affected joint (two ends of bone fuse together at joint) Gouty Arthritis: triggered by abnormally high levels of uric acid in blood- Uric acid crystallizes in soft tissues of joints- Results in inflammation and accompanying sequelae if not treated- More common in males- Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs and meds to lower uric acid levelsIntegumentary System: skin hair and nails- Largest organ in body (about 7% of body weight), ranges in thickness from 1.5-4mm- Protective barrier, resistance to trauma and infection- Thermoregulation - Sensation (temp, touch, pressure, pain, vibration)- Vitamin D synthesis- Differences in thickness of epidermis determine whether skin is thick or thin- Dermal papillae: small ridges to increase surface area between epidermis and dermis to hold them together better- Epidermis: consists of keratinized stratified squamous epitheliumo Avascular; thickness of epithelium limited by rate of diffusiono Layers of Epidermis (thin skin) Stratum corneum: top layer, 20-30 layers of dead cells represented by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space Stratum granulosum: three to five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of keratohyaline granules Stratum spinosum: several layers of keratinocytes. Bundles of filaments made of pre-keratin Stratum basale: deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively mitotic stem cells; newly formed cells get pushed up to the more superficial layerso Cell types of epidermis: Keratinocytes: produce keratin Stem cells Melanocytes: produce melanin- All humans have approx. same number of melanocytes- Differences in skin color due to difference in type and quantity of melanin produced- Distribution of melanocytes is not uniform (freckles)- Melanin production subject to control (sun tan)- Partially protects epidermis and dermis from UV radiation in sunlight- Skin color also influenced by skin blood flow and oxygenation of blood Merkel cells Langerhans’ cells: activators of immune


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