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UWL BIO 312 - Nervous system disease and olfaction

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Lecture 15 Lecture Outline:A. Strokea. Hemorrhagicb. Strokec. Signs/symptomsd. Risk factorse. Transient ischemic attackB. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisC. PolioD. Cerebral PalsyE. Multiple SclerosisF. Alzhimer’sG. Parkinson’sH. Special Sensesa. olfactionStroke: loss of blood flow to a par of the brain- Symptoms and consequences of stroke depend on where in the brain the stroke occurs- Hemorrhagic stroke: caused by a rupture of a blood vessel in or on the surface of the braino Most common causes of hemorrhagic strokes are high blood pressure and aneurysms in brain arteries- Ischemic Stroke: caused by a blood clot in the braino Most ofen result of atherosclerosis in arteries within the brain or leading to the braino Artherosclerosis: progressive disease of arteries that leads to occlusion of affected vessels High risk for thromboembolism o Most often caused by clots formed in heart or carotid artery leading to braino Carotid endarterectomy: surgical procedure to get rid of plaque in carotid artery- Common Sigs/Symptoms:o Sudden onset of weakness or numbness of the face, arm or leg on one side of the bodyo Sudden lack of coordination of the limbso Sudden loss of balance or difficulty walking dizzinesso Sudden loss of vision or dimming in one or both eyeso Sudden difficulty speaking or understanding otherso Sudden severe headache with no known causeo STR test: smile, talk, raise both arms- Risk Factors: traits/lifestyle habits that increase risk of diseaseo Age, Heredity, Race (African descent higher risk)o Gender: more common in men, more deadly for womeno History or prior strokeo High blood pressureo Cigarette smokingo Diabetes mellituso Atrial fibrillationBio 312o Poor diet, physical inactivity- Transient Ischemic Attack: caused by a temporary deficiency in blood supply to braino Produce same signs and symptoms as an ischemic stroke but no lasting damageo Most due to atherosclerosis, tus TIAs are very strong predictors of impending ischemic stroke (33%)o Treatment: blood pressure meds, blood thinners, endarterectomyAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): progressive, fatal disease that attacks upper and lower motor neurons controlling skeletal muscle- No cure (5600 dianosed/yr in US)- Muscles gradually weaken and atrophy- Lose ability to move arms, legs, body- No loss of intellect or intelligencePolio: virus that kills lower motor neurons- Usually confined to only a few motor neuron pools- Epidemic in late 1940s/50s- Vaccine developed which eradicated polio in many countriesCerebral Palsy: results from damage to, or improper development of motor control areas of the brain- Permanently affects body movement and muscle coordination- Largest cause of physical disability in children- Non-progressive, but secondary orthopedic deformities commonMultiple Sclerosis: disease of the myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS- May be autoimmune disease- Symptoms range from benign to somewhat disabling o devastating- Symptoms usually appear between ages 20-40- Blurred vision, muscle weakness in extremities, difficulty with coordination, transient abnormal sensations, speech impediments, symptoms often come and goAlzheimer’s Disease: progressive degenerative disease of neurons in cerebrum- >5 million Americans suffer from Alzheimer’s, expected to triple in next 20 yrs as more live into 80s and 90s- Atrophy and shrinking of brain, atrophy of cortex and enlargement of ventricles- Impaired memory, language deterioration, confusion, poor judgment, loss of problem solving, restlessness, huge mood swings, personality changes, at end stages, often can’t swallowParkinson’s: shaking or tremor, slowness of movement, stiffness of arms legs or trunks- Loss of dopamine releasing neurons cripples basal nuclei that control muscle tone and help initiate movements viaextrapyramidal tractsSpecial Senses: smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium- Olfaction: sense of smello Organ for the sense of smell is the olfactory epithelium (covers superior nasal conchae)o Olfactory epithelium picks up and interprets smells, sensory info sent up filaments of olfactory nerves, through the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone, into the olfactory bulb of the braino Olfactory cilia pick up odorants which dissolve into the mucus layer and which bind to a very specific chemically gated receptor which sends a given action potential to the brain based on type of smello Olfactory pathway: olfactory receptor cells  cribiform plate  synapse at glomeruli of olfactory bulb  with mitral cells of olfactory bulb  limbic system and cerebral cortexo Pheromones: airborne molecules that trigger a reaction in members of same


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