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UWL BIO 312 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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Exam #3 Study GuideLecture 14The Brain: divided into 4 major regionsVentricles of the brain: filled with cerebrospinal fluid- Lateral ventricles: lies below and behind the corpus callosum and is separated by the septum pellusidum- Third ventricle: lies completely in the diencephalon- Fourth ventricle: connected to the third ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct, posterior to third ventricleProtection and Support of brain: - Brain has jello-like consistency and needs extensive protection- Protected by the meninges and skull- Meninges: three layers of connective tissue to protect braino Dura mater: most superficial layer, thickest and toughest layero Arachnoid mater: middle layer, thinner than dura mater CSF cushions and supports brain in cranial cavityo Pia mater: thinnest and inner most layer, directly connected to the brain and brain stem- Choroid plexus: clumps of ependymal cells that secrete about 500 mL of CSFo CSF absorbed into blood stream as new CSF is secreted- Hydrocephalus: accumulation of CSF usually due to blocked reuptake of CSFo Causes brain to compress in adults, treatment is to insert shunt from ventricle to neck- Blood-brain barrier: astrocyte processes surround walls of capillaries, allows for limited exchangeThe Cerebrum: makes up about 80% of the volume of brain, consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres- Outer cerebral cortex (gray matter): lots of cell bodies and cell bodieso Wrinkles increase surface area (ridges = gyri; wrinkles = sulci)o Divided into regions called lobes based off ones of the skullo Involved in sensory reception, voluntary control of movement, language/speech, conscious thoughts and intellect, memory, emotiono Each region of cortex is dedicated to one major function, but also relies on other parts for help- Inner white matter: consists of myelinated axonso Association fibers: connect regions in same hemisphereo Commissural fibers: connects two hemispheres, make up corpus callosumo Projection fibers: connect completely different types of brain such as thalamus and cerebral cortex- Nuclei embedded deep in white matter (basal nuclei): deep in cerebrumo Basal nuclei: regions of gray matter embedded in hemisphere Involved with subconscious control of skeletal muscle activity important in coordinating slow and sustained movements Parkinson’s disease: deficiency of dopamine in basal nuclei, resting tremorThe Diencephalon: located in center of brain, composed mostly of the thalamus- Thalamus: major relay station for ascending sensory informationo Intermediate mass: connects two sides of thalamuso Contains many nuclei (group of nerve cell bodies in CNS with common function) with various functionso Serves as filter for sensory information- Hypothalamus: single most important control area for regulating homeostasis Bio 312 1nd Editiono Connected to pituitary gland by infundibulumo ADH, oxytocin, emotional centers, innate drives, hunger/thirst centers, thermoregulation, circadian rhythms, control over autonomic nervous system- Epithalamus: composed mainly of pineal glando Secretes melatonin: helps regulate sleep/wake cyclesBrain stem: connection point for cranial nerves, contains midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata- Midbrain: coordinated head and eye movements and auditory reflexeso Corpora quadrigemina:  Composed of superior and inferior colliculus (head/eye movement, auditory reflex respectively)- Pons: helps control breathing- Medulla oblongata: important centers for controlling CV and respiratory functions, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezingCerebellum: involved in coordinating smooth coordinated muscular movements- All subconscious activityLimbic System: group of interconnected brain parts in cerebrum and diencephalon- Involved in emotions, behavior, learning, memory, motivation, sex driveReticular formation: network of neurons pasing through brain stem up to thalamus- Initial processing/filtering of sensory info (LSD blocks this)- Sends signals to keep cortex arousedCranial Nerves: 12 pairs that attach to brain- Serve head and special sense organs- Olfactory Nerve: sense of smell- Optic Nerve: originates at optic disc, travels to optic chiasm, carries visual information - Oculomotor: controls extrinsic eye muscles- Trochlear nerve: certain extrinsic eye muscles- Trigeminal Nerve: sensory information from large part of face and teeth- Abducens nerve: motor neurons for extrinsic eye muscles- Vagus Nerve: major nerve of parasympathetic nervous system, innervates all major internal organsDiseases of nervous system:- Stroke: cerebrovascular accidento Caused by loss of blood flow to a part of brain (clot or rupture)o Hemorrhagic stroke: caused by rupture in blood vessel, most deadly Intracerebral hemorrhage: stroke deep in brain Subarachnoid hemorrhage: rupture of blood vessel in subarachnoid space Brain stem: rupture of blood vessel in brain stem, most deadlyo Ischemic Stroke: more common form, caused by clot in blood vessel of brain Cerebral thrombosis: blocking of blood vessel Cerebral embolism: blood clot that forms in a larger artery that dislodges and gets stuck /blocks smaller blood vessel in the brain Can occur in brain stemLecture 15Stroke: loss of blood flow to a par of the brain- Symptoms and consequences of stroke depend on where in the brain the stroke occurs- Hemorrhagic stroke: caused by a rupture of a blood vessel in or on the surface of the braino Most common causes of hemorrhagic strokes are high blood pressure and aneurysms in brain arteries- Ischemic Stroke: caused by a blood clot in the braino Most ofen result of atherosclerosis in arteries within the brain or leading to the braino Artherosclerosis: progressive disease of arteries that leads to occlusion of affected vessels High risk for thromboembolism o Most often caused by clots formed in heart or carotid artery leading to braino Carotid endarterectomy: surgical procedure to get rid of plaque in carotid artery- Common Sigs/Symptoms:o Sudden onset of weakness or numbness of the face, arm or leg on one side of the bodyo Sudden lack of coordination of the limbso Sudden loss of balance or difficulty walking dizzinesso Sudden loss of vision or dimming in one or both eyeso Sudden difficulty speaking or understanding otherso Sudden severe headache with no known causeo STR test: smile, talk, raise both arms- Risk Factors: traits/lifestyle habits that increase risk of diseaseo Age, Heredity, Race (African descent higher risk)o Gender: more


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