BICH 411 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Previous LectureI. Glycolysis overviewOutline of Current Lecture I. Glycolysis ContinuedII. FermentationIII. RegulationIV. Glycolysis and CancerV. Evolution and glycolysisCurrent LectureAct 2: glyceraldehyde-3-P to Glycerate-3-P (reactions 6 and 7). ATP is formed for the first time. Happens TWICE because the glucose was broken into 2 glyceraldehyde-3-P molecules.Reaction 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-P (+ Pi)  Glycerate-1,3-P2 (+ 2 H+). Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is the enzyme responsible for this. Reduces NAD+ to NADH. This is an electron transfer (redox) reaction. **Be able to draw the NAD+  NADH mechanism as shown in the slides. **Review the GAPDH mechanism. Reaction 7: Glycerate-1,3-P2  Glycerate-3-P + ATP. Phosphoglycerate Kinase (PGK or PK) is the enzyme responsible for this. This is a Group Transfer reaction (phosphate is transferred). The phosphate group leaves Glycerate-1,3-P2 and combines ADP to form ATP. The glycerate-1,3-P2 stores a lot of energy that is released with the phosphate removal. Act 3: glycerate-3-Pglycerate-2-PphosphoenolpyruvatePyruvate (reactions 8-10). ATP is formed again.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Reaction 8: Glycerate-3-P  glycerate-2-P. This occurs with Phosphoglycerate Mutase. This is anisomerization reaction. The enzyme is phosphorylated on Histidine and switches phosphates with glycerate-3-P (the substrate). The new phosphate attaches to carbon 2. Reaction 9: Glycerate-2-P  Phosphoenolpyruvate. The enzyme responsible for this is Enolase. This is an elimination reaction. **Review the enolase reaction. The COO- activates the removal of an H2O. Phosphoenolpyruvate can be used to make various amino acids. Reaction 10: PhosphoenolpyruvatePyruvate + ATP. Pyruvate Kinase (PYK) is the enzyme that facilitates this reaction. This is a phosphoryl group transfer. PYK is a highly regulated enzyme. ATP, Acetyl-CoA, and Alanine can inhibit this enzyme and are cues for anabolism. AMP and Fructose-1,6-P2 are cues for catabolism to continue. Fermentation – Pyruvate Acetaldehyde + CO2Ethanol + NAD+ (reactions 11 and 12). Pyruvate is used to make ATP aerobically with the Krebs cycle, or to regenerate NAD+ by fermentation. Reaction 11: PyruvateAcetaldehyde + CO2. Pyruvate Decarboxylase is the enzyme for this reaction. This is a reaction that breaks Carbon-carbon bonds. Reaction 12: Acetaldehyde Ethanol + NAD+. This occurs with alcohol dehydrogenase and is also a reaction that breaks Carbon-carbon bonds. (Muscles make lactate)Regulation – Glycolysis produces more ATP (by rate of provision) than other pathways. Emphasisneeds to be on the glycolysis process as a whole and not the individual reactions. Glycolysis and Cancer – higher rate of glycolysis in cancers  The Warburg effect. PET scans can be used to detect cancerous tumors. The PET scans detect rates of glycolysis and show the rate difference on the scans. Evolution and Glycolysis – several of the enzymes in the second and third acts have the same single predecessor. The enzymes of the first act have multiple predecessors. -Autotrophy and Gluconeogenesis were first! -glucose split into two 3 carbon molecules since trioses were