BICH 411 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Previous LectureI. Redox ReactionsII. High Energy BondsIII. Hydrolysis effectsIV. High energy thioestersV. Reducing currenciesVI. TransportOutline of Current Lecture I. Glycolysis OverviewCurrent Lecture**Don’t need to know historical references from lectures**Tests are multiple choice-glycolysis is the first part of metabolism-metabolism includes anabolism, catabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation-glucose (+NAD+ and NADP+)  oxidized products (and NADPH + H+, and NADH + H+)total glycolysis reaction: 1 Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi  2pyruvate + 2NADH +2ATP + 2H2O-happens in steps, not all at once-pyruvates can be used for aerobic respiration (Oxphos) or fermentation (in muscle)the net reaction for glycolysis and fermentation is: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1 Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi  2 Lactate +2ATP + 2H2O-note that there is no net electron flow but the synthesis of ATP is possible because itis coupled with other reactions-why would you do fermentation if complete oxidation produces a lot more energy? Fermentation is like having a lot of horsepower vs high efficiency (good gas mileage) with complete oxidation. The energy from fermentation is immediately usable.There are five main classes of enzyme reactions:-group transfers-electron transfers-rearrangements, eliminations, isomerizations-reactions that make carbon-carbon bonds-reactions that break carbon-carbon bondsNucleophiles v. Electrophiles-electron rich -electron deficient-anionic -cationic-want a nucleus -want electrons-Glycolysis is divided into 3 sections: the first section is the “investment” period. It involves phosphorylation, isomerization and the cleavage of glucose. The second and third sections involve setting up reactions and producing ATP. Part OneGlucose (+ATP) Glucose-6-Phosphate  Fructose-6-Phosphate (+ATP) Fructose-1,6-P2Dihydroxyacetone-P and Glyceraldehyde-3-P (these two can also interconvert)First, Glucose changes to Glucose-6-Phosphate, getting the phosphate from ATP. ATP is changed to ADP + H+. Hexokinase is responsible for this. This is a group transfer reaction. ***Be able to draw the arrows for this reaction. Since Glucose-6-Phosphate is a negative ion, it remains in the cell. Cell membrane permeability decreases as a result.Second, Glucose-6-Phosphate interconverts to Fructose-6-Phosphate with the help of Phosphoglucose Isomerase. This is isomerization. The pyranose ring changes to a furanose ring. There is a 1,2-Hydrogen shift, changing the compound from a hydroxyaldehyde to a ketoalcohol.**Know how this occurs** A sugar is created with an additional primary alcohol; this activates carbon 3. Third, Fructose-6-Phosphate takes a phosphorous from ATP to become Fructose-1,6-P2. ATP is converted to ADP along with a proton release. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is responsible for this group transfer reaction. This is the same mechanism as the hexokinase in step one. **It’s important to note that PFK is allosterically regulated, meaning it’s affinity is affected by compounds that bind to it. AMP or fructose-2,6-P2 can both activate PFK.Fourth, Fructose-1,6-P2 becomes Dihydroxyacetone-P and Glyceraldehyde-3-P with the help of Aldolase. This is an reaction that breaks carbon-carbon bonds. Both of the products are key building blocks/lipids. It’s important to remember that the oxygen is very electronegative, and stabilizes the negative charge. Fifth, Dihydroxyacetone-P and Glyceraldehyde-3-P can interconvert with the help of Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI). TPI is an efficient catalyst! This is an isomerase reaction and equalizes all glucose’s carbons (two 3-carbon compounds). **This is similar to phosphoglucose isomerase. ***It’s important to remember that other carbs can enter at various points along glycolysis. Galactose can enter with Glucose-6-P in step 2. Mannose can enter with Fructose-6-P in step 3. Glycerol can enter with dihydroxyacetone-P in step 5. Fructose can enter with dihydroxyacetone-P and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in step