BICH 411 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. Purine synthesisII. Purine degradationIII. Pyrimidine SynthesisIV. Pyrimidine DegradationOutline of Current Lecture I. Test 3 ReviewCurrent LectureTest – over chapters 22-24-Gluconeogenesis pathway – all the internal steps use the same enzymes as glycolysis in reverse**memorize figure 22.8**  note the reciprocal regulation*figure 22.4 – note that pyruvate has to become malate to leave mitochondria. Then it converts to oxaloacetate and continues to gluconeogenesis. -figure 22.5 – glucose-6-p transformation to glucose in the endoplasmic reticulum requires transporters and glucose-6-phosphatase. T1 transports the glucose-6-phosphate into the ER lumen where glucose-6-phosphatase separates the glucose and phosphate. The glucose goes through T2 and the phosphate goes through T3 out of the ER membrane. Then GLUT2 transports the glucose out of the plasma membrane. **remember that fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is important for gluconeogenesis regulation. It activates phosphofructokinase and inactivates fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.-figure 22.10 – PFK-2 and Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase are ends of a tandem/bifunctional enzyme. -review the Cori cycle – it is the cycle of how liver and muscle cooperate with lactate metabolism. Note that the liver has high [NAD+]/[NADH] while the muscle has low [NAD+]/[NADH]. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.**review glycogen and how the branching enzyme and amylase function. Amylase (found in saliva and pancreatic juices) cleaves 4 glucose units away form the branch. Glycogen synthase – the first glucose unit attaches to the Tyrosine –OH on glycogenin. This initiates the glycogen synthesis** Also, note the oxonium ion intermediate. -remember that when the pyrophosphate is released in UDP-glucose formation, it takes 2 ATPs to put them back on a UMP to form UTP.**study figure 22.15**study the regulation reference slide! This’ll help keep track of the regulatory components.-Remember the 4 cases in the cell where glycolysis and pentose phosphate can be used.-both ribose-5-P and NADPH are needed-more ribose-5-P is needed than NADPH-more NADPH is needed than ribose-5-P-both NADPH and ATP are needed but not ribose-5-P-Carnitine is necessary for transportation of the fatty acid for oxidation. The activation occurs in the cytosol and then carnitine transports the fatty acyl-CoA into the mitochondria.**Be able to figure out figure 23.16 – where the ATPs are coming from and how they’re used.-for odd-carbon fatty acid oxidation, know the reactions and enzymes for converting propionyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. Don’t worry about the mechanisms.-remember acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) sends acetate to fatty acid synthesis. It requires bicarbonate, ATP, and biotin.-the animal enzyme has 3 functions on one polypeptide. -elongation of fatty acids takes place in the mitochondria –note the NADPH**figure 24.16 – this is a good slide to know! It shows the regulation of fatty acid synthesis in the mitochondria. *review cholesterol synthesis-study figure 24.17 – how glucagon and insulin affect fatty acid synthesis-figure 24.19 shows glycerolipid synthesis – note that PE and PC come from