HD 300 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I Historical View of Children II Justification for Abuse III Mutilation IV Infanticide V Sexual Misuse of Children VI Legal Action VII Justification for Prevention of Child Abuse Outline of Current Lecture I Theoretical Explanation of Abuse and Attachment Theory II Psychoanalytical Theory III Erikson s Psychosocial Theory IV Learning Theory V Social Learning Theory VI Piaget s Theory of Cognitive Development VII Bio Social Theory VIII Ecological Model IX The Family Connection a Overview of family abuse and neglect b Risk factors i Parental characteristics ii Child Characteristics 1 Normal child 2 Abnormal child c Parenting styles Current Lecture Theoretical Explanation of Abuse Attachment Theory Attachments are formed within the first year of life Abuse interferes with attachment formation Secure attachment 60 75 Parents are attentive and responsive to infant Child is friendly explores environment and is comfortable with parents Insecure attachment Parents often have history of attachment problems Abused children have higher rates of insecure attachment These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute High rates of avoidant and disorganized attachments noted in abused children Psychoanalytic Theory Views of Freud Abuse interferes with the child successfully having needs met traversing each stage Oral Stage infancy Anal Stage toddler Phallic Oedipal State Preschool Latency Stage School age Genital Stage Adolescence Erikson s Psychosocial Theory Eight developmental stages Each stage has a dialectical struggle resulting in an ego strength Abuse interferes with the tasks of each stage and thus negatively influencing subsequent stages 1 Trust vs mistrust Infancy 2 Autonomy vs doubt Toddler 3 Initiative vs guilt Preschool 4 Industry vs inferiority School age 5 Identity vs identity confusion Adolescence 6 Intimacy vs isolation Young adulthood Learning Theory Classical Conditioning biological response to stimulus Pavlov s dogs Increase heart rate increased respiration rate dry mouth pallor etc A specific gesture odor sight etc that was associated with abuse may result in a biological response later on Operant Conditioning behavioral response to stimulus birds Child watchfulness crying hiding aggressiveness etc Parent child s behavior elicits abusive response Social Learning Theory Learning can occur by imitation of a model clown doll Children learn from their parents Cycle of violence Aggressiveness expressed by children may reflect what is going on at home Piaget s Theory of Cognitive Development Abuse may interfere with cognitive development at each stage thus influencing future stages Academic achievement may be impaired Abuse may negatively affect IQ Abused children may not function at the same cognitive level as their peers Bio Social Theory Genetic basis for aggressiveness Genetic evolutionary predisposition to protect biological child Adopted step children and foster children at higher risk Protection of genetic line puts some children at risk Premature infants and children with disabilities at risk Gender differences Males vs females as abusers Boys and girls are more vulnerable to different types of abuse Boys Physical Girls Sexual Ecological Model Environmental influences Poverty Overcrowding Poor housing conditions lead asbestos mold Dangerous neighborhoods and schools gangs drugs shootings etc Culture the children grew up in Good Books There are No Children Here by Alex Kotlowowitz Amazing Grace by Jonathan Kozol The Family Connection Overview of family and abuse Majority of abuse occurs within the family Home can be the most dangerous place for a child Most parents DO NOT abuse their children No qualifications are required to be a parent Risk factors Three factors put families at risk for abuse Parental characteristics History of abuse if the parent was abused Marital relationship is in trouble Low self esteem virtually all Unrealistic expectations of the child Nonchalance about the injury Parent not knowledgeable about normal child development Drug and or alcohol use Temperament of the parent Biological factors low IQ depression mental illness hormonal imbalance physical illness Young or immature parents Punitive harsh severe or neglectful parenting practices Child characteristics normal child Difficult or unplanned pregnancy Wrong sex Ugly child Born out of wedlock Step foster adopted child High activity level or ADHD Child characteristics abnormal child Premature Congenital anomalies Multiple births Seriously ill child that child as well as other children in the home Difficult Child 10 fussy or hyperactive The family ecosystem neighborhood SES culture etc Parenting Styles