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GSU PSYC 1101 - Psych 1101 Chapter 5 Development Through the Lifespan

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Psych 1101 Chapter 5 Development Through the Lifespan Developmental Psychology is the study of the systematic changes physical cognitive and social that occur throughout the lifespan Three issues pervade developmental psychology 1 Nature vs Nurture 2 Gradual and continuous vs sequence of separate states 3 Whether personality traits remain stable or change of the lifespan As people age personality tends to stabilize There is also an underlying consistency to most people s temperaments and emotionality Eric Erison Sigmund Freud State depression anxiety symptoms temporary Trait personality how we interact with people enduring Research Methods Specific to Developmental Psychology Cross Sectional Designs observe participants of varying ages at one point in time people of different ages are compared with one another Longitudinal Designs observe the same individuals at varying ages the same people are restudied and retested over a long period Prenatal Development 1 Germinal stage conception to two weeks zygote fertilized egg cell division produces a zygote of some 100 cells cells begin to differentiate to specialize in structure and function 2 Embryonic stage 2 to 8 weeks of gestation about 10 days after conception the zygote s outer cells become the placenta and attach to the mother s uterine wall the inner cells become the embryo 3 Fetal stage 9 weeks to birth by 9 weeks after conception the embryo looks human and is now a fetus at each prenatal stage genetic and environmental factors affect development The placenta transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus Age of viability age at which a fetus can survive outside the womb around 24 weeks Types of Teratogens 1 street recreational drugs 2 therapeutic drugs 3 caffeine 4 nicotine 5 alcohol fetal alcohol syndrome FAS 6 environmental chemicals lead 7 maternal infectious diseases Natural Challenges Mothers have to pay attention to nutrition maternal stress Infancy and Childhood Maturation the biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior sets the basic course of development experience adjusts it Maturation accounts for commonalities standing before walking The sequence is universal the timing varies As the infant s muscles and nervous system mature ever more complicated skills emerge Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development Jean Piaget cognition refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating the mind tries to make sense of experience by forming schemas concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret information cats and dogs cars and trucks 1 assimilation process of interpreting new information based on our current understandings schemas 2 accommodation to adjust our current understanding or schemas to incorporate new information creating new categories bears and SUVs Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development Jean Piaget sensorimotor stage birth to age 2 children experience the world through their senses and actions by about 8 months an infant exhibits object permanence an awareness that things still exist even when they are out of sight preoperational stage 3 to 6 cannot mentally manipulate info marked by egocentricity that is they cannot perceive things from another s point of view concrete operational stage 7 to 12 about to think logically about concrete events grasp concrete analogies and comprehend mathematical transformations principle of conservation volume remains constant despite container s shape formal operational stage 12 reasoning expands from the purely concrete to encompass abstract thinking hypothetical thinking Cognitive Development Lev Vygotsky Vygotsky emphasized the role of the social environment in the child s cognitive development the child was a young apprentice mentored by parents and others who by giving them new words provided a temporary scaffold from which children can step to higher levels of thinking Vygotsky vs Piaget while Piaget focused on how the child s mind grows through interaction with the physical environment Lev Vygotsky emphasized the role of the social environment Social and Emotional Development Attachment attachment the attachment bond is a survival impulse that keeps infants close to their caregivers infants become attached to their parents primary caregivers satisfy biological needs nourishment provide body contact that is soft and warm failure to thrive Strange Situation Ainsworth children roughly 60 display secure attachment they play comfortably in their mother s presence are distressed when she leaves and seek contact when she returns insecurely attached less likely to explore their surroundings and when their mother leaves cry loudly and remain upset or seem indifferent to her going and returning parents sensitivity and responsiveness to the child can influence attachment style Development of Children s Self Concept self concept our understanding and evaluation of who we are develops gradually at about 15 to 18 months infants will recognize themselves in a mirror by school age children start to describe themselves in terms of their gender group memberships and psychological traits They also compare themselves with other children by age 8 to 10 children s self images are quite stable Children with a positive self concept are more confident independent optimistic assertive and sociable Parenting Styles 1 authoritarian parents impose rules and expect obedience 2 permissive parents submit to their children s desires make few demands and use little punishment 3 authoritative parents are both demanding and responsive Children with the highest selfesteem self reliance and social competence generally have warm concerned and authoritative parents Adolescents Adolescents is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood Hormones triggers a two year period of growth begins in girls around age 11 and boys around age 13 During the growth spurt the reproductive organs or primary sex characteristics develop dramatically So do the secondary sex characteristics such as the breasts and hips in girls facial hair and a deepened voice in boys and pubic and underarm hair in both sexes the landmarks of puberty are the first ejaculation spermarche in boys usually occurs around age 14 and first menstrual period menarche in girls usually occur within a year of age 12 1 2 Adolescents Neural Development and Behavior Frontal lobe maturation improves judgment impulse control and the ability to plan for the long term delays


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GSU PSYC 1101 - Psych 1101 Chapter 5 Development Through the Lifespan

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