Psych 1101 FINAL EXAM REVIEWFinal starts at 10:45 AM to 1:15 PMCumulative (same format) *study previous review session notes*1) Know the definition of SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY- social psychology: scientifically studies how (1) we think about (2) influence (3) and relate to one another2) attribution theory- we tend to give a casual explanation for someone's behavior; explains people's behavior in terms of internal dispositions or in terms of the external situationex. a teacher may explain a child's hostility in terms of an aggressive personality or as a reaction to stress or abuse- The fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate personality influences and to underestimate situational ex. blame the poor and the unemployed for their own misfortune3) know the definitions of the chameleon effect, social loafing- The Chameleon Effect: our natural tendency to mimic others; when people unintentionally mimic other people's behavior, facial expressions, body positions, etc. related to AMYGDALA - Social Loafing: when people pool their efforts toward a group goal, social loafing may occur as individuals exert less effort - conformity: adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard. Under certain conditions, people will conform to a group's judgment, even when it is clearly incorrect (eg. Cults-Jonestown, 1978 - 918 deaths)- normative social influence: we are sensitive to social norms and so we sometimes conform to gain social approval- informational social influence: we accept information about reality provided by the group- Obedience [Studies] (Stanley Milgram): people are willing to conform to authorities or experimenters to tell them what to do - Minority influence: a minority that consistently holds to its position can sway the majority 4) know the difference between prejudice and discrimination- prejudice: a mixture of beliefs (often overgeneralized and called stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, or fear), and predispositions to action (to discriminate)- prejudice is a negative attitude- discrimination is a negative behavior 5) in groups and out groups, specifically how people tend to perceive people in their in group andothers in their out group- through our social identities, we also associate ourselves with some groups and contrast ourselves with others. Mentally drawing a circle that defines "us" (in group) also excludes "them" (out group) - such groups identifications promote an ingroup bias - a favoring of one's own group6) bystander effect- more of it being less likely for someone to help someone with there being more individuals around. - example: if you see someone getting bullied on campus you would be more likely to help when no one was around as opposed to a huge amount of people being there because you think someone else will do it so you won't have to7) making psychologically diagnosis and some problems with placing a diagnostic label on an individual - Critics point out that labels can create preconceptions that bias our perceptions of people’s past and present behavior and unfairly stigmatize these individuals.- Labels can also serve as self-fulfilling prophecies- However, diagnostic labels help not only to describe a psychological disorder but also to enable mental health professionals to communicate about their cases, to comprehend the underlying causes, and to discern effective treatment programs8) identify some of the major symptoms associated with various psychological disorders: panic disorders, social phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorder- Panic disorders: an anxiety disorder in which the anxiety suddenly escalates at times into a terrifying panic attack, a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying heart palpitations, choking, or other frightening sensations- Social phobias: an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, is shyness taken to an extreme. The anxious person may avoid speaking up, eating out, or going to parties- generalized anxiety disorder: characterized as being continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal- major depressive disorder: at least five signs of depression last 2 more weeks and are not causedby drugs or a medical condition. Symptoms may include sadness, lethargy, crying spells, feelings of worthlessness, irritability, sleep/appetite disturbance, loss of interest in family, friends, and activities, suicidal ideation- bipolar disorder: episodes of depression AND mania; formerly known as manic depression- eating disorder: - Anorexia Nervosa: eating disorder in which a normal weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets to become significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet feels overweight and is obsessed with losing weight.- Bulimia Nervosa: an eating disorder characterized by private, binge-purge episodes of overeating, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise; normally appear normal weight.- Binge-Eating Disorder: marked by significant episodes of binge-eating followed by remorse but no purging, fasting, or excessive exercise.- Dissociative Disorders: a person appears to experience a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation.o May have no memory of identity or family. Dissociation itself is not uncommon.- Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, with the original personality typically denying awareness of the others - Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.o Delusions (false beliefs): often of persecution(being followed of someone is attempting to persecute them) or grandeur(e.g. believe they are Jesus Christ)o Hallucinations: sensory experiences without sensory stimulation; usually auditory and often take the form of voices.9) specific neurotransmitters associated with various disorders, low levels of serotonin associatedwith depression, dopamine associated with schizophrenia- Finally, certain neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine and serotonin, seem to be scarce during depression.- Researchers have linked certain forms of schizophrenia with brain abnormalities such as increased receptors for the