Psych 1101 Chapter 14 Social Psychology(continue)Social Relations-One way we simplify the world is to form categories-In categorizing others, we often stereotype them, overestimating the similarity of those within another group-The other-race effect (or cross-race effect or own-race bias) is the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races-Victim-blaming: victims may be blamed based on the assumption that the world is just and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they getAggression-Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy-Biological influences on aggression operate at the genetic, neural, and biochemical levels-Studies of violent criminals have revealed diminished activity in the frontal lobes, which play animportant role in controlling impulses-Studies of the effect of hormones (e.g. testosterone), alcohol, and other substances in the blood show that biochemical influences contribute to aggressionAggression/Frustration-The frustration-aggression principle states that the blocking of an attempt to reach some goal creates anger, which can generate aggression-People can learn aggression by observing models who act aggressively, for example, in the family or in the media (watching violence or sexual aggression on TV or in film)-Laboratory experiments reveal that repeatedly watching on-screen violence makes sexual aggression seem less serious, extramarital sex less troubling, and a woman's friendliness more sexual-Media depictions of violence also trigger aggression by providing social scripts (mental tapes for how to act provided by our culture)Attraction-Three factors are known to influence our liking for one another1) geographical proximity is conducive to attraction, partly because of the mere exposure effect: repeated exposure to novel stimuli enhances liking of them2) physical attractiveness influences social opportunities and the way one is perceived; attractive people are viewed as healthier, happier, more sensitive, and more successful3) as acquaintanceship moves toward friendship, similarity of attitudes and interests greatly increases liking-The factors that foster attraction are explained by a reward theory of attraction: we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us, and we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costsLove and Attraction-The strong affection of companionate love, which often emerges as a relationship matures, is enhanced by equity, a condition in which both parties receive in proportion to what they give (receiving as much as you give enhances this strong affection)-Another vital ingredient of loving relationships is mutual self-disclosure, in which partners reveal to each other intimate details about themselvesAltruism -Altruism: unselfish regard for the welfare of others (doing for others without a focus of "how am I going to be rewarded?" can be given health, support, things, etc.)-The bystander effect is the tendency for any given bystander to an emergency to be less likely togive aid if other bystanders are present (e.g. Kitty Genovese,