Psych 1101 Chapter 7 Learningcognitive learning- taking in information from a textbook or a lecture and taking that informationin and the resulting change in your behaviorWhat is Learning? How do we learn?-learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience-we learn by association - our mind naturally connects events that occur in sequence-the events linked in associative learning may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning -automatic-) OR a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)-observational learning - learning that occurs from viewing others' experiences (modeling)Classical Conditioning-classical conditioning - learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus -this laid the foundation for John B. Watson's behaviorism, which held that psychology should be an objective science that studied only observable behavior*Pavlov repeatedly presented a neutral stimulus (NS, such as a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (US), such as food, which triggered the unconditioned response (UR) of salivation -->-after several repetitions, the tone alone (now the conditioned stimulus (CS) began triggering a conditioned response (CR), salivation Classical Conditioning Terminology-unconditioned stimulus (US) - food-evokes unconditioned response-unconditioned response (UR) - salivation -automatic (not learned) response to US-conditioned stimulus (CS) - bell-previously neutral stimulus-following conditioning evokes CR-conditioned response (CR) - salivation-learned reaction to CSConditioning and Learning-acquisition - responses are best acquired when the CS is presented half a second before the US-classical conditioning is biologically adaptive extinction - the diminishing of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus occurs repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus-spontaneous recovery - the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response-generalization - the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus -discrimination - the learned ability to distinguished between a CS and other irrelevant stimuli Application of Classical Conditioning Principles-classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms learn to adapt to their environment-conditioning principles have important application, such as how to treat fear/anxiety/phobias-recall Little Albert-provides important insights into drug abuse and addictionOperant Conditioning-Law of Effect - rewarded behavior is likely to recur-Operant Conditioning - learning in which behavior results in rewarding or punishing stimuli; occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior --> an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior-shaping - a procedure in which reinforces (e.g. food) guide an animal's natural behavior toward a desired behavior -successive approximations - rewarding responses that are closer to the desired behavior and ignoring all other responseOperant Conditioning: Reinforcement (the goal is to increase the target behavior) (punishment - decrease the behavior)-a reinforcer is any event that increases the frequency of a behavior/response-reinforcers:-positive - presenting a pleasant/rewarding stimulus after a response -negative - reducing or removing an unpleasant stimulus (which increases the behavior) e.g. snooze button, headache -primary reinforcers - food when we are hungry; innately satisfying -continuous reinforcement - when the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs-partial (intermittent) reinforcement produces slower acquisition of the target behavior than does continuous reinforcement, but the learning is more resistant to extinctionreinforcement schedules may vary according to the number of responses rewarded or the time gap between responses Reinforcement Schedules-fixed-ratio schedules - reinforce behavior after a set number of responses -variable-ratio schedules - provide reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses-fixed-interval schedules - reinforce the first response after a fixed time interval (amount of time)-variable-interval schedules - reinforce the first response after varying time intervals-variable (unpredictable) schedules produce more consistent responding than fixed (predictable) schedules Operant Conditioning: Punishment-punishment - attempts to decrease the frequency of a behavior by administering an undesirable consequence-for example, spanking (positive punishment) or withdrawing something desirable (negative punishment) -punishment can have several drawbacks: suppressing not changing unwanted behaviors, teaching fear, and increasing aggressivenessClassical vs. Operant Conditioning-In classical conditioning, the organism learns associations between two stimuli and the responseis automatic-In operant conditioning, the organism learn associations between its behavior and resulting events/consequences and changes in behavior occur accordinglyCognition and