Psych 1101 Chapters 9-13 Review- Different problem solving strategies: algorithms (mental formula)-Trial-and-Error problem solving-Algorithm: a methodical or step by step process of problem-solving; more effortful -we often rely instead on simple thinking strategies called heuristics; however more error prone -confirmation bias: searching for information that confirms our ideas; this can sometimes lead to illogical ideas/conclusions in our problem solving-another obstacle to problem solving is fixation - the inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective-the tendency to repeat solutions that have worked in the past is a type of fixation called mental set- Concept of creativity; type of thinking we use in creative thinking-Five components of creativity: expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation (they don't do it for rewards, they do it or internal satisfaction), and a creative environment-Convergent thinking: when we use different sources of info or data and try to fit pieces together to find a single answer; requiring a single correct answer-Divergent thinking: creativity; looking at all the options or alternatives- What can happen to creativity if we get stuck in a mental set?It will be hindered because we are stuck in one way of doing things- Concept of intuition-intuition: effortless, immediate, automatic thinking -human intuition, although prone to error, can be (whether conscious or unconscious) remarkably efficient and adaptive-research shows that in making complex decisions, we benefit by letting our brain work on a problem without thinking about it- Regarding language, concept of syntax and grammar: syntax - order of words in a sentence, grammar - set of rules that we use so our sentences make sense - Regarding language development, different milestones: babbling, one word stage, two word stage; describe what is characteristics of language during these stagesbabbling: spontaneous utterances trying to form wordsone word stage: around age 1, infants begin to speak one word sentencestwo word stage: by their 2nd birthday, infants begin to speak two word sentences- Telegraphic speechtelegraphic speech: during the two word phase, language that is laconic and efficient - One of the predominant theorists in the area of language development: Chomsky- Know what Chomsky theory suggest about language development and why children are able to learn language so quickly-we are biologically prepared to use grammar and language; Chomsky opposed by Skinner: children are taught language based on learning on principles- A critical period regarding language development and the ability to learn a languageBy age 7, language must be taught or else it becomes increasingly difficult if not impossible to learn- Language impairments or disorders and areas of the brain related to those disorders: Brocha and Vernake; Brocha - expressive Vernake - aphasia/receptive language- Charles Spearman "g" factor“g” is responsible for performance on ability tests. Intelligence as a single score- Development of intellectual measures or IQ tests; Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon - they develop intelligence tests for specific reason-Binet developed an intelligence test containing questions that assessed mental age and helped predict children's aptitude in Parisian schools- Know the difference between intelligence tests, achievement tests and aptitude testsintelligence tests: intelligence tests assess individuals' mental abilities and compares themwith others, using numerical scoresachievement tests: assess what a person has learnedaptitude tests: refers to capacity to learn; designed to predict a person's future performance- Know the difference between reliability and validity: reliability - extent to which test produces same results (consistency to obtain similar results) validity - extent to which test measures what it's supposed to measure- Instincts - Different theories of motivation; instinct theory, arousal theory, drive reduction theoryinstinct theory: - Abraham Maslow came up with his hierarchy of needs; know the different levels: basic needs have to be met to meet higher level needsOnly when these needs are met are we prompted to meet our need for safety, and then to meet the needs to give and receive love, to belong and be accepted, and to enjoy self-esteem.- Sexual response cycle; be familiar with stages of sexual response cycleThe human sexual response cycle normally follows a pattern:1. Excitement2. Plateau3. Orgasm (which seems t involve similar feelings and brain activity in males and females)4. Resolution, followed in males by a refractory period, during which renewed arousal and orgasm are not possible. Refractory period tends to increase with age.- IO psychology (industrial organizational): IO psychologists apply principles of psychology in the work place (#25)- Regarding eating and hunger: differentiate between set point and settling point theories; set point theory - adults have specific weight that their bodies naturally maintain, settling point - suggests there is a range which a person weight settles- Different theories of emotions: James Lange theory, Cannon Bard theory, two factor theoryJames-Lang Theory: states our experience of an emotion is a consequence of our physiological response to a stimulus; timing;o We experience fear b/c our heart poundsCannon-Bard Theory: proposes that the physiological response and our emotional experience occur simultaneously.o Heart pounding and fear occur at the same time- one doesn’t cause the otherTwo-Factor Theory of Emotion: focuses on the interplay of thinking and feeling, not onthe timing of feelings; states that to experience emotion, one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and their roles in emotional processingsympathetic: outer reactionparasympathetic: inner reaction- A method of assessing physiological changes related to emotions: polygraph - People who are introverted and extroverted and abilities to detect emotions in other peopleIntroverts are better emotion-detectors than extraverts although extraverts are easier to read- Definition of personality-characteristics that make up who you are- When people are reporting their emotional experiences, tend to report on two dimensions:what are those two dimensions?When people report their experiences of different