Psych 1101 Exam Review Chapters 1-4Having a problem with PsychPortal? Call Technical Support 800-936-6899Temporary Access Code for PsychPortal 7nh-ghm-ct4mznb6**Need to know prominent figures in the early years and milestones associated with them:Wundt: 1879, founded the first laboratory of Psychology at the University of Ceipzig - *first landmark*Titchener: Wundt's student, came up with structuralism Sigmund Freud: psychoanalytic theory - Unconscious mental processes shape feelings, thoughts, and behaviorsIt's not external environment but unconscious that determine our...James: functionalism - focuses on how behaviors and mental processes function to allow people and animals to adapt to their environment Know the differences between psychologists and psychiatrists:Psychiatrists prescribes medicine and at times, psychotherapyKnow the differences between basic and applied researchbasic research: research that is done simply to increase our scientific knowledge baseapplied research: does seek to solve practical problems (ex. drug studies)Need to be familiar with the 3 main analysis in psychology:-biological components:natural selection of adaptive traitsgenetic predispositions responding to environmentbrain mechanismshormonal influences-psychological components:learned fears and other learned expectationsemotional responsescognitive processing and perceptual interpretations -social-cultural componentspresence of otherscultural, societal, and family expectationspeer and other group influencescompelling models (such as in the media)Be familiar with concept of hindsight bias, overconfidencehindsight bias: "I knew it all along" phenomenon, refers to tendency to overestimate or exaggerate what reasonably could be anticipated or predicted only after learning the outcomesoverconfidence: tendency of believing we know more than we knowDifferentiate some of the major research methods:-experiments:-naturalistic observations: observing and recording behavior as it occurs in its natural setting-case study: examines 1 individual or social unit in depth in the hope that the findings can be generalized Should know the main idea behind those approachesFamiliarize yourself with other concepts involved in research:-what a population is: group of interest, findings are generalized to this group-what a sample is: selected segment of the population-why we pull a sample from a population: -sampling methodsBe familiar with the different groups in an experiment:-control group: group does not receives treatment-experimental group: receives treatment -independent variables: in an experimental design is manipulated. It is the variable whose effect is being studied (ex. drug)-dependent variables: the variable that is being measured (ex. depression)-confounding variables: factors other than the independent variable that might produce an effect (anything else that has effect on results) (ex. therapy, noise)Know the definition of and how to derived (calculate) measures of central tendency:-mean: mathematical average of distribution -median: middle score of a distribution-mode: the most frequently occurring score in a distributionMajor structures of neurons:-soma or cell body: contains nucleus -axon: the axonal fibers transmit that information along to other neurons-dendrites: receives messages; the dendrite branching fibers receive information from sensory receptors or other neuronsRemember the "space" between the synaptic cleft: syntactic cleft, space between the buttons on the axon terminals and the neuron/muscleWhich parts of the neuron conducts electrical signal? travels from the neuron, down the axon, to the dendrite Health and medical conditions:-degeneration of the myelin sheath: multiple sclerosis Know:-serotonin: involved in mood, sleep, hunger; undersupply: depression-dopamine: involved in movement, attention, emotion; oversupply: schizophrenia - undersupply: tremors-acetylcholine: muscle movement, memory, and learning; alzheimers-gamma amino butyric acid (GABA): primary inhibitory neurotransmitter (keeps things calm); undersupply: seizures, tremors, insomnia)-norepinephrine: alertness, arousal; undersupply: depression Which diagnosis is shown to be related to dopamine? SchizophreniaKnow the results of too much/too little of neurotransmitterReuptake or enzymatic degradation if neurotransmitter is in synaptic cleft:Reuptake - the process in which excess neurotransmitter molecules in the synaptic cleft are re-absorbed in the transmitting neuronEnzymatic degradation - the excess neurotransmitters are destroyed by enzymesmajor divisions of nervous system: central and peripheral --> somatic/autonomic --> sympathetic/parasympathetic central nervous system: the brain and the spinal cord form the CNSperipheral nervous system: links the central nervous system with the rest of the body (sense receptors, muscles, and glands) the axons carrying the PNS information are bundled into the electrical cables (i.e. nerves)- the somatic nervous system: somatic branch enables voluntary control over our skeletal muscles- autonomic nervous system: a dual self regulating system that influences the glands and muscles of our internal organs (such as our heart)autonomic nervous system is broken down:- sympathetic nervous system: arouses- parasympathetic nervous system: calmsparts of the brain-corpus callosum: fiber that allows the two hemispheres to communicate; connects 2 hemispheresLimbic SystemLimbic system is primarily linked to memory, emotions, and drives-hippocampus: (memory functions) proceeded conscious memory, helps transfer information from short term to long term storage-hypothalamus: associated with the maintenance of various bodily functions, it's hormones influence the pituitary gland, and thus it provides a major link between the nervous and endocrine systems-amygdala: influences aggression and fear, controls our fight-or-flight response-brainstem: (oldest and innermost region) is responsible for automatic survival functions. It includes:-medulla: controls heartbeat and breathing-reticular formation: plays an important role in controlling arousal-pons: located just above the medulla, help coordinate movement -thalamus: (relay center, determines what needs to happen next) receives info. from all the senses (except smell) and sends it to the higher regions for processing-cerebellum: coordinates movement output and balance and helps process sensory info. Itis also involved in nonverbal learning and memory