Psych 1101 Chapter 13Psychosexual Stages of Development-Freud maintained that children pass through a series of psychosexual stages during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body called erogenous zones-Oral stage (0-18 months) - pleasures centers on the mouth-Anal stage (18-36 months) - centers on bowel/bladder elimination-Phallic stage (3-6 years) - pleasure centers on the genitals (we develop a gender identity)-Boys experience the Oedipus complex, with unconscious sexual desires toward their mother andhatred of their father. They cope with these threatening feelings through identification with their father, thereby incorporating many of his values and developing a sense of what psychologists now call gender identity.(The boy will develop castration anxiety; without a father, the boy will never be a fully functioning healthy individual)-Girls go through the electra complex, where they have an interest in their father and get angry and jealous that they do not have a penis -Latency stage (6 years to puberty) - in which sexuality is dormant, gives way to the genital stage(puberty on) as sexual interests matureNeo-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories-Neo-Freudians accepted Freud's basic ideas regarding personality structures, the importance of the unconscious, the shaping of personality in children, and the dynamics of anxiety and defense mechanisms-However, Neo-Freudians placed more emphasis on the conscious mind in interpreting experience, and they argued that we have more positive motives than sex and aggressionProjective Personality Assessment -Projective tests provide ambiguous stimuli that are designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics-Rorschach inkblot test seeks to identify people's inner feelings and conflicts by analyzing their interpretations of 10 inkblots; critics question the validity and reliabilityHumanistic Theories-View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth-Self-actualization (Maslow) - the hierarchy of needs, the motivation to fulfill one's potential, and self-transcendence is the desire to find meaning and purpose beyond the self; the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved-Carl Rogers - to nurture growth in others, Rogers advised being genuine, empathic, and accepting (offering unconditional positive regard) In such a climate, people can develop a deeperself-awareness and a more realistic and positive self-concept -Humanistic perspective - attention is directed from the motives of "troubled people" to the growth potential of healthy people, who are thought to be basically goodTrait Theories - Objective Personality Assessment-Researchers have isolated five distinct personality dimensions, dubbed the Big Five:-OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability versus instability)Social-Cognitive Theories-Applies principles of learning, cognition, and social behavior to the understanding of personality-Reciprocal determinism refers to the interacting influences between personality and environmental