Psych 1101 Test 2 Review*on scantron, be sure to put last name and first intial and student ID number*Sensation and perceptionAbout detecting and interpreting -sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus information from our environment. Bottom-up processing is analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory informationRods and cones (afferent neurons) - retinashair cells - luner earsolfactory receptors - nasal passagestaste buds - tonguetouch receptors - skin-perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. Top-down processing is information processing guided by our experience and expectations - breaking down into component parts.*sensory neurons are also known as afferent neurons* (they arrive at the central nervous system)*motor neurons are also known as efferent neurons* (they exit the central nervous system)Sensory adaptation-sensory adaptation refers to diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. Thephenomenon of sensory adaptation enables us to focus our attention on information changes in our environment without being distracted by uninformative background stimulationPerception-perception is influenced by our experiences - our learned assumptions and beliefs - as well as bysensory input-through experience we form concepts (i.e. schemas) which organize and interpret unfamiliar information-a given stimulus may trigger radically different perceptions, partly because of our different schemas, but also because of the immediate contextSensation and Perception Notes-Sensory receptors are specialized neuron cells transform one sort of information to another (translation to a different language)-perception is something you get unconsciously and judgment is a conscious perception-offaction is a sensory labeling system -bottom up processing is when you put individual components together and they form as a whole-virtual reality is exposing an individual to virtual...Be familiar with stages of prenatal development-zygote, embryo, fetus1. Germinal stage (conception to two weeks):-zygote (fertilized egg) cell division produces a zygote of some 100 cells --> cells begin to differentiate (to specialize in structure and function)2. Embryonic stage (2 to 8 weeks of gestation): -about 10 days after conception, the zygote's outer cells become the placenta and attach to the mother's uterine wall (the inner cells become the embryo)3. Fetal stage (9 weeks to birth):-*by 9 weeks after conception, the embryo looks human and is now a fetus*-at each prenatal stage, genetic and environmental factors affect development. The placenta transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetusAge of viability: age at which a fetus can survive outside the womb - around 24 weeksknow what teratogens are1) street/recreational drugs2) therapeutic drugs3) caffeine 4) nicotine5) alcohol - fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)6) environmental chemicals- lead7) maternal infectious diseases Natural Challenges: (Mothers have to pay attention to:)-nutrition-maternal stressPiaget (stage theorist)Stages of cognitive development (in order)Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development (Jean Piaget)-cognition: refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating-the mind tries to make sense of experience by forming schemas (concepts or frameworks) that organize and interpret information - cats and dogs; cars and trucks1) assimilation: process of interpreting new information based on our current understandings/schemas 2) accommodation: to adjust our current understanding (or schemas) to incorporate new information...creating new categories - bears and SUVsInfancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development (Jean Piaget)sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2): children experience the world through their senses and actions-by about 8 months, an infant exhibits object permanence, an awareness that things still exist even when they are out of sightpreoperational stage (3 to 6): cannot mentally manipulate info-marked by egocentricity, that is, they cannot perceive things from another's point of viewconcrete operational stage (7 to 12): about to think logically about concrete events, grasp concrete analogies, and comprehend mathematical transformations-principle of conservation - volume remains constant despite container's shapeformal operational stage (12+): reasoning expands from the purely concrete to encompass abstract thinking; hypothetical thinking Concept of object permanence an awareness that things exist even when they are out of sightVygotsky (read on him) (your environment affects your development)Cognitive Development (Lev Vygotsky)-Vygotsky emphasized the role of the social environment in the child's cognitive development-the child was a young apprentice, mentored by parents and others who, by giving them new words, provided a temporary scaffold from which children can step to higher levels of thinkingVygotsky vs. Piaget: -while Piaget focused on how the child's mind grows through interaction with the physical environment, Lev Vygotsky emphasized the role of the social environmentKnow the different parenting styles-authoritative-authoritarianParenting Styles1) authoritarian parents impose rules and expect obedience2) permissive parents submit to their children's desires, make few demands, and use little punishment3) authoritative parents are both demanding and responsive. Children with the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence generally have warm, concerned, and authoritative parents.Know the attachments, responsiveness of mother or caregiver(baby cries, mother might feed child or might not)How does that relate to the child's attachment?Social and Emotional Development: Attachment -attachment: the attachment bond is a survival impulse that keeps infants close to their caregivers-infants become attached to their parents/primary caregivers:-satisfy biological needs (nourishment)-provide body contact that is soft and warm --> failure to thrive*-Strange Situation (Ainsworth): children (roughly 60%) display secure attachment --> they playcomfortably in their mother's presence, are distressed when she leaves, and seek contact when she returns*-insecurely attached: less likely to explore their surroundings, and when their mother leaves, cry loudly and remain upset,