Physiology 206 1STedition Lecture 33 Outline of Last Lecture I Hypothyroidism II Hyperthyroidism Outline of Current Lecture I Glucocorticoid II Aldosterone III Adrenal Medulla IV Insulin V Diabetes Current Lecture Glucocorticoid Cortisol Stimulates liver to produce glucose from amino acids Stimulates the breakdown into amino acids from protein Increase plasma levels of glucose and amino acids go up while protein goes down Inhibits glucose uptake except in brain Fat mobilization use this as a fuel Permissive effects almost every hormone that have effects has to have a little Cortisol Extremely important for body to deal with stress Anti inflammatory and immunosuppressive reduces it but not at a physiological level Secretion under control of Pituitary secretes when Pituitary releases ACTH also stimulates hypertrophy with high levels of ACTH ACTH is stimulated by the Hypothalamus which releases CRH Cortisol inhibits ACTH and LRH Feedback System These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Too Much Hyper levels of Aldosterone Blood Pressure goes up Sodium level goes up Potassium level goes down usually caused by Aldosterone secreting tumor Hyper levels of Cortisol called Cushing s Syndrome Elevated blood glucose levels Protein loss muscle weakness and loss Development of fatty deposits usually in face moon face Protein loss causes patient much less able to heal wounds because ability to make collagen decreases Hyper levels of DHEA has no effect in men because they have so much testosterone In women 1 Hirsutism develop facial hair 2 Pattern of hair growth is more masculine 3 Develop other male characteristic body muscles 4 Depress secretion of female hormones a decrease breast size b causes menstruation problems Young boys do not have testosterone so if they have hypersecretion of DHEA they have Precocious Puberty artificial puberty Grow hair and voice changes but do not start producing sperm Inadequate Amounts Addison s Disease Adrenal Cortex Atrophy reduced levels of all adrenal cortical hormones reduced Cortisol doesn t allow good stress management causes hypoglycemia tired all the time headaches lives not threatened reduced levels of Aldosterone is life threatening due to large amount of sodium which causes loss of blood which causes shock Pretty easy to treat high salt diet or medications Untreated will die in about a week Adrenal Medulla Inside Adrenal Cortex where releases noroepinephrine Part of the Sympathetic Nervous System begin in CNS preganglionic neuron forms synapes forms ganglion and then post ganglionic neuron projects to target cell cells are basically post ganglionic cells but they release transmitters directly into target release epinephrine Epinephrine is very similar to noroepinephrine these cells synthesize 4 times as much Epinphrine as noroepinphrine 80 epi to 20 noro Store in granules they stain very easily called Chromaffin Granules Cells of Adrenal Medulla called Chromaffin Cells Effects of Epinephrine is very similar to Noroepinephrine Noro and epi have different receptors Important Effects make stimulation last longer mobilizes stored carbos and fat stimulates synthesis of glucose there is no such thing as disorder of lacking adrenal medulla parasympathetic would take care of loss Was originally called Adrenaline Pheochromocytoma tumor that releases epinephrine and noroepinephrine spontaneously chronic high levels Rapid Pulse High BP High blood glucose General Rule able to synthesize lower level precursors of fat carbohydrates proteins to each other Ways to make ATP Major Producers 1 glucose 2 glycerol 3 fatty acid Stored as glycogen in glucose Fatty acid glycerol stored as fat Not much storage of glycogen Lots of storage of fat Glucose is the only thing that the brain can use as fuel Reason why the blood glucose regulated closely blood glucose 100mg dL 100mg 1 mg mL Reason we regulate is that we switch metabolism in everything except in brain to fat as fuel Gluconeogensis conversion of other things into glucose Because we eat periodically instead of constantly we have 2 separate metabolisms 1 Fed Absorptive State 2 Starving Postabsorptive State These exist at different times When in Absorptive State absorbing digested food during state burning glucose as fuel everyone here Postabsorptive not absorbing digested food during state burning fattry acids except in brain These flip flop back and forth Which one of these states that a person is in is controlled by Endocrine System Epinephrine Cortisol growth hormone have effects on the control The Dominant control Islets of Langerhaus Pancreatic Islets endocrine organ in pancreas 2 Hormones Produced 1 Beta Insulin 2 Alpha Glucagan The balance between these two determine which metabolic state person is in Insulin Created by beta hormones released into blood stream NOT pancreatic duct Promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver and muscle Promotes uptake of fatty acid Promotes uptake of amino acids Promotes these conversions to glucose Promotes uptake of glucose Reduce level of fatty acids Reduce level of amino Reduce level of glucose in plasma Increase glucose levels in cells Convert amino acid in glucose increase glucose in cells Convert fatty acid in glucose increase glucose in cells Increase the amount of glycogen stored Inhibits glycogen breakdown In presence of elevated insulin removing nutrients from plasma storing glycogen Does this when digested food is being absorbed Major stimulus is elevated blood glucose levels When Insulin goes up liver and muscles take up fatty acids inhibit breakdown of glycogen Neural control also factors into control sympathetic fibers that terminate on Islets of Langerhaus and inhibits secretion of insulin parasympathetic stimulates insulin secretion when digesting meal parasympathetic stimulation is high Reason tired after a meal because blood is being reduced elsewhere and taken to gut Diabetes Insipidous ADH deficiency tasteless urine produced Diabetes Mellitus means production of honey sweet urine Most common endocrine disorder Result of insulin defiecency High rate of urnation and attracts bees Urine has no toxic effects can be used as a sterile irrigation in war Cause of sweetness is there is glucose in it There is a max rate kidneys can reabsorb 100 for glucose That works til plasma glucose levels get too 300mg dL high gets saturated and can not be