CellsNervous SystemNeuronGliaSynaptic Cleft- does not allow cytoplasms to interactTransmittersCentral Nervous SystemLimbic SystemTwo Ways of Coding IntensitySensory Adaption- for most receptors, with continuous stimulus, will adapt to sensation.Peripheral Nervous SystemThe Way to Code Sensory QualityPNS-EfferentAutonomic Nervous SystemParasympathetic- Long- pre-ganglionic; Short- post-ganglionicOther DifferencesCholinergic ReceptorsSomatic Nervous SystemToxins of the Neuromuscular SystemPHIS 206 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideCell Physiology -Cell Physiology = General Physiology- Physiology: about everything that stops happening when you die, what keeps your systems going when you’re alive- Harvey: discovered circulation of bloodo If you rub garlic on your feet, you can later smell it on your breath=circulationo KNOWLEDGE COMES FROM THE LIVING (not from dissecting dead bodies) -Homeostasis- keeping things the way that they used to be- stays the same.--implies that you must have recovery from pertervement.- Homeostasis-not changing overtimeo Done by homeostatic mechanisms -Feedback- somewhere there is a sensor that detects change, and will initiate response exactly in opposite direction: called negative feedback.-Positive Feedback- sensor detects and makes response in same direction.o Feedback systems: a change in the environment initiates a change in the body Negative feedback: changes occur that lead body back toward homeostasis (most common) Positive feedback: increases the change away from homeostasis (very rare), usually pathologicalCells- 80% Water- 15% Protein- 2% Lipid- 3% Misc.Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane- separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid- flat sheet made of 2-layers- have channels- fat soluble crosses easily- water soluble(if small) go through channel, if too big, can’t get through without special mechanisms.- Fluid in body- Intracellular fluid (ICF)-inside cells- Extracellular fluid (ECF)-outside cells- ICF ECF- K+ k+- Na+ Na+Intracellular Fluid Extracellular Fluid - lots of K+ (Potassium) -Low concentration of K+-not so much Na (Sodium) -Na high concentration *- Cell Membranes do not allow ions to get in!Diffusion- Random movement molecules in a medium.- Heat makes molecule move- Water molecules attract one another.- Concentration determines Diffusion.*** Diffusion Rate= Concentration Difference x Area x Temperature *** Thickness x Molecular Size x Viscosity- Concentration of O2 is always higher on the outside.- Simple diffusiono Random movement of molecules under the influence of heato Diffusion rate-net movement of some molecules across a barrier (membrane) Increased amount of molecules moving = increased diffusion rate Influenced by differences in concentrations on either side of the membrane The greater concentration difference the greater net movemento Size of molecules influences diffusion Small molecules diffuse at a greater rate, requires less energy to moveo Surface area influences diffusion Greater area = greater diffusion rateo Length of diffusion path influences diffusion Greater length = decreased diffusiono Viscosity-resistance of liquid to flow Greater viscosity = decreased diffusion Water has a high viscosityo Temperature influences diffusion Increased temperature = increased diffusion (more rapid diffusion) We usually have very little temperature change in our bodieso Sodium and potassium can both diffuse across membranes- Large water soluble membranes use special mechanisms to cross.- Facilitated Diffusion- provision by the cell by the pathwayFacilitated Diffusion- Mechanism for providing a pathway across a membrane that a cell wouldn’t otherwise have- Membranes have layers of lipids and aqueous channels- Molecules that are lipid soluble can dissolve right through the lipids- Water soluble molecules (small) can go through aqueous pores- Specific proteins (carrier proteins) are embedded in lipid membrane- Parts of proteins flip flop back and forth to transport molecules across the membrane- Reversibly bind and release molecules- Where concentration of molecules is high, they bind more molecules- No energy required!Osmosis- there is almost no other method for getting water across cell- Water molecule is tiny; can diffuse through pores extremely fast.- Osmosis- diffusion of water- Water always flows to the more concentrated content.- Osmotic pressure depends on the total solute concentration.- Water diffuses from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration- Change the concentration of water by adding solutes- Hydrostatic pressure: the force that opposes diffusion- Unit of total = 1 osmol; 1 L= 1 OSM 1/1000 osmol; 1 L= 1 mOSM* Biology fluids around 300 mOSM- 1 Mole of gas in a 1 L container, it exerts 22.4 ATM (Atmosphere)- Osmotic pressure: For every 1 OSM difference, generate 22.4 ATM 1 mOSM generates 1/1000 x 22.4 ATM- 1 atmosphere is 760 mM of Mercury; 22.4 ATM  15,000 mMHg- 1 mOSM  15 mm Hg  biologically significant pressure- Average artery pressure = 100 mm Hg| Isotonic- the same || Hypotonic- the one has lower osmolarity | Relative to osMolarity| Hypertonic- the one has more osmolarity |- Van’t Hoff-discovered that sucrose molecules exert same pressure as any other moleculethat can’t cross a membraneo Liquid molecules exert same pressure in gas phaseo 1 mole/liter=22.4ATMo 1 ATM=760 mmHgo 22.4 ATM=15,000 mmHgo 0.31=the concentration of the sum of our blood plasma=310 mOsmActive Transport- any system that will move a molecule uphill.--- Most Important in Physiological terms.Inside | Outside K hi | K low * only form biology finds useful energy is the destruction of ATP.Na l | Na High ATP  ADP + Energy- Active transporto Requires energy input to occuro ATP --> ADP + energyo ATPase-enzyme, coverts ATP to ADP with the release of energyo Also called a sodium pump; Na, P, ATPase pump Located in membrane Uses ATP to pump potassium in (diffuses out) and sodium out (diffuses in)Molecular pump- constantly exchanging sodium and potassium go uphill in concentration gradian.- Osmolarity (Osm)o The added concentration (of the molarities) of everything (the solutes) in the plasmao Can be obtained by measuring osmotic pressureo The