Endocrine DisordersHypothalamusPosterior PituitaryAnterior PituitaryMechanism of ControlHypothalamus HormonesGrowth HormoneGrowth Hormone DefiencyExcess Growth HormoneThyroidPhysiology 206 1STedition Lecture 30Outline of Last Lecture I. Neural CommunicationII. Hormones Outline of Current Lecture I. Endocrine disordersII. Hypothalamus III. PituitaryIV. HormonesCurrent LectureEndocrine Disorders- include situation in which blood concentrations are pathologically high-secrete too much- Plasma levels are low- secrete too little- Target cell responses abnormal- some effects are if concentrations were low.- When plasma level is too low, give them hormone- When too high, depends on reason why it is too high Tumor is not subject to same regulations as endocrine gland When gland secreting too much, have to find out why it is not regulatingHypothalamus- secretes tropic hormones; have cells that secrete through the posterior- Infundibulum- Pituitary  Hormone- Anterior = Adenohypophysis- Posterior = Neurohypophysis- An endocrine gland that has function mechanism in brain- Many animals have MSH = Melonocyte Stimulating Hormone- in intermediate lobe has no function in humansThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Pathological case in which skin color darkens- there is a connection or identity to the posterior and hypothalamus- relationship close; hypothalamus is main link between neural and endocrine- Blood Flow arteries, capillaries, hypothalamus- Blood in Pituitary have already been in hypothalamus- Hypothalamus in good position to secrete things that influences the pituitary, where it can exert its actionPosterior Pituitary- Secretion made in hypothalamus- Produces 2 hormones- both neural hormones- polypeptides- made on ribosomes1.) ADH = (Vasopressin) has two names because have 2 known effects- ADH increasing water permeability in collecting ducts; Vaso- constricts the blood vessels, increasing resistance, theBP up, increasing arteriole pressure2.) Oxytocin- stimulated by reflexes or mechanical stimulation; major effect is it stimulates contractions during childbirth, and promotes release of milk in breasts.- they get synthesized in hypothalamus- migrate down the axons, eventually reaching axon terminals- action potentials release transmitters, but don’t terminate on target cell, but instead into circulation.Anterior Pituitary- once called master gland, but now obsolete because hypothalamus controls the pituitary- makes the thing it secretes in gland- makes 6 hormones:1.) somatotropin = growth hormone = GH- promotes growth2.) thyrotropin- thyroid stimulating hormone= (TSH)- stimulates thyroid3.) Adrenocorticotropin- adrenocortical stimulating hormone (ACTH)- stimulates adrenal cortex4.) Follicle Stimulating (FSH)- stimulates ovary5.) Luteinizing Hormone = LH(female) ovary or ICSH(male) testes both have effects on other endocrine glands6.) Prolactin(PRL)- stimulates milkMechanism of Control1.) Feedback from target organ2.) Secretion of all pituitary hormones under control of at least one hormone from hypothalamus, causing their rate of secretion controlled.- all hormones of hypothalamus are peptidesHypothalamus Hormones- difference in these and posterior are where axons are; hypo is a endocrine organ, in brain; very busy.1.) GHRH (stimulates), GHIH (inhibits) growth hormone in pituitary2.) TRH (stimulates) thyroid stimulation3.) CRH controls secretion of ACTH4.) Since both FSH and LH stimulates gonads, GNRH in hyp controls both FSH and LH5.) PRH (stimulates), PIH (inhibits) protection- at least nine hormones synthesized by hypothalamus Hypothalamus- gets excitatory and inhibitory stimulus from lots of other parts of brain can have great endocrine change (secretion) from physiological stressGrowth Hormone- makes you grow- this is the one, of the anterior pituitary hormones, that is secreted the most, even in adults- stimulates protein synthesis- inhibits protein breakdown- tends to increase the net amount of protein which leads to secondary effect, which is it stimulated cell division- has particular influence on long bones- in adults, has metabolic process, which decreases glucose uptake by muscle, therefore increases plasma glucose as a result, muscles metabolize fat fat stores decrease- fat-mobilizing effect many tissues will show incease cell size under increase of growth hormone- tip of long bone covered with cartilage, the growing region is here- In adolescence, the cartilage ossifies  bone growth ends- Hypothalamic hormones secretes growth hormone inhibitor hormone(GHIH)- depresses amount of growth hormone released, GHIR stimulates GH release.Growth Hormone Defiency- can come from a depression in secretion in pituitary gland- if your hypothalamus isn’t producing adequate amount of GHRH- In adults, not real dramatic, results in lack of muscle strength and bone density be reduced- In children, it is known as dwarfism, and will not get to average stature, usually have under developed muscluatur, and have rather large fat depositsExcess Growth Hormone- very different in kids and adults- leading cause is pituitary tumor- Children- great heigh, but normal body proportions- gigantism can grow to heights of 7 or 8 feet.- When the growing ends, they can’t get any taller, but there is still continued thickening to other bones- Hands become abnormally large, jaw, chin, eyebrow got very prominent- Acromegaly- Andre the Giant- These people die young- Adult effects can happen to people that didn’t have it as kidsThyroid- consists on two lobes on each side of trachea and one thin bridge- arrangement of secretory cells, called thyroid follice- cells that make up boundary called follicular cell, and sac inside colloid Colloid given name because historical throughout that their were 2 types of chemicals; ones that could be crystallized and these can’t. colloid means “glue-like”;