DisordersPhysiology 206 1STedition Lecture 35Outline of Last Lecture I. GlucaganII. CalciumIII. BoneIV. Vitamin DDiabetes Outline of Current Lecture I. DisordersII. Reproductive Systema. Male b. Female Current LectureDisorders- Hyperparathyroid usually caused by tumor symptoms all related to loss of bone density;1.) muscle weakness2.) depresses neural activity3.) depresses activity of the heart- Hyperparathyroid people have bad memory, depression, kidney stones, and increasing fragility- Hypoparathyroid is very rare Get spasms, twitches, tingling sensations- Complete lack of parathyroid hormone can cause death, by spasms in Respiratory System- Vitamin D deficency has reduced capacity to absorb calcium In adults, loss of bone density In kids, causes Ricketts- legs bowed- Osteoporisis- bone density decreases - After 50, there is change in rate of matrixThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- More common in women- Normal levels of plasma calcium and phosphate levels- Symptoms include being bent overReproductive SystemGonads- Testes  testosterone- Ovaries  Estrogen, ProgestoroneMale- Scrotal temp.  92 F Important because sperm doesn't develop at normal body temp.- Scotal muscles under reflexive control when cold, bring testes up when warm, relax them away from body- A way of birth control was that guy would sit on steam radiator before sex- Descent of testes from body cavity to scrotum happens around 2 months before birth testosterone starts this descent if boy baby has testes that aren't descended- give testorterone- Undescended testes in adult called Cryptochidism  sterileTestes- 75%- Seminiferous Tubules  sperm development- 25%- Interstitial or Leydig Cells  secrete testosterone Seminifersous Tubles embedded in Interstitial Cells place where there is the most testosterone in the body testosterone is a steroid; diffuses into S.T. and promotes production of sperm also gets into blood stream and has other target cells- In absence of testosterone, in fetus, will develop into a femal characteristics. testosterone gives male characteristics secretion usually ends at birth and then doesn't start again until puberty- Average of 13, testosterone starts again S.T. starts producing sperm- Testosterone is important for growth and maturation of reproduction system and continued supply of testosterone is important for its maintence.- A male that is castrated before puberty is called Eunuch- never develops sex characteristics of a male Used as the keepers of the wives of the wealthy Used to keep young soprano voices high, in Europe; Mozart came about 15 minutes from being castrated- Testosterone promotes protein synthesis and bone growth Protein synthesis most striking in muscle- promotes muscle growth Bone growth- reason why boys have growth spurts come from spurts of testosterone Causes the ossification at the ends of the growth platesFunctions of Testes controlled by Pituitary Hormones- LH & ICSH- effects the Interstitial or Leydig cells- makes them secrete testosterone- FSH- stimulates the generation of new sperm cells both produced by anterior pituitary  in hypothalamus- GNRH stimulates the 2 pituitary glands before puberty, hypothalamus produce very little GNRH, so LH & FSH don't secrete, so don't make sperm- At 13, hypothalamus discovers it's time to secrete GNRH, which makes other stuff happen, and this continues throughout life.Female- Women have Ovarian Cycle once girls begin puberty, oscilate between 2 phases:1.) Follicular phase2.) Luteal Phase this cycle is usually around 28 days interrupted during pregnancyended at menopause- Every ovary has a Primary Follicle consists of egg and follicular hairs granulosa cells proliferate a little follicle filled with fluid with egg embedded inside follicular cells produce estrogen fluid in follicles is estrogen- primarily estradiol some of this gets into blood stream one of the follicles grows faster than all other, called the Graafian Follicle about 14 days into cycle, graafian follicle ruptures and edd is released and estrogen fluid ** This defines the end of the follicular phase!!! ** after G.F. ruptures, the follicular cells are left on surface of ovary, start to turn yellow, producing progesterone- called Corpus Luteum they are reason second half is called luteal phase if oven doesn’t get fertilized or doesn’t get embedded into uterine wall, this phase lasts for about 14 days. Follicular- estrogen Luteal- progesterone If fertilization occurs, remains in luteal phase for pregnancy Except for these interruptions, cycles like this until