Physiology 206 Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. SkullII. Cerebral Spinal FluidIII. Blood-brain barrierIV. Sensory homunculusV. Motor homunculusVI. Broca’s areaVII. Wernicke’s areaAssociation areas Outline of Current Lecture I. HypothalamusII. Cerebral cortexIII. MemoryIV. CerebellumV. Brain stemVI. Spinal cordVII. Peripheral nervous systemCurrent Lecture1/29/14- Hypothalamuso Controls body fluidsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Main connection between brain and endocrine system- Cerebral cortexo Part of limbic systemo Basal nucleio Thalamuso Hypothalamus- Memoryo Short-term -> consolidation -> long-termo Short-term: lasts a few seconds to a few hours, very limited capacityo Consolidation: the process of making short-term memory into long-term memoryo Long-term: can last up to a lifetime It’s a matter of finding or recalling the memory (when older) No upper limit on capacity is knowno Amnesia-loss of memory Retrograde: loss of memory of some brief period of time (usually after an accident)- Ex: loss memories of past events after a blow to the head- Can form new long-term memories after Anterograde: the inability to form new long-term memories- Existing long-term memories remain, but can’t consolidate new memorieso Ex: becoming senileo This is a symptom of Alzheimer’s- Cerebellum: in charge of coordination of motor activity (impulse initiated in frontal lobe)o Cerebellular lesions: result in intention tremor: occurs when changing muscle activity (i.e. reaching vs. picking something up) Signs of lesion include: decrease in ability to balance- Brain stem: connects cerebrum and cerebellum with the spinal cordo Multiple parts: Medulla oblongata Pons Midbraino Controls vital functions Breathing, heart rhythm Head traumas from accidents sometimes cause swelling around the brain stem, thus blocking the regulation of vital functionso 12 pairs of cranial nerves How messages travel between the brain and the periphery Vagus nerve (X)- Main route of parasympathetic output- Affects most major organso Reticular formation Network in brain stem that includes part of thalamus Reticular activating system: controls the cycle of:- Maximal alertnesso Cats live in constant state of thiso Humans only experience it when in state of constant stress- Wakefulnesso We spend most of the day here- Sleepo At nighto We’re receiving sensory input but not processing it: reduced sensitivity- Comao No sensory awareness at all- Spinal cord: connects brain to peripheryo Tract: bundle of nerveso Ascending tracts: bring information to the braino Descending tracts: bring information away from brain and to the bodyo Spinal reflexes Sensory neuron -> interneuron -> ascending tract But the interneuron also synapses with a motor neuron- Causes branching- Allows for motor response to stimulus before knowledge of stimulus hasbeen processed by brain- Peripheral nervous systemo Afferent: bring information to the braino Special senses Taste, smell (olfaction), hearing, visiono Somatosensory system Know where the body is relative to gravity Know where the body is in relation to objects of the worldo Receptors Interact with some form of energy and convert it into chains of action potentials Transducer: converts one form of energy to another in the process of transduction All sensory receptors are transducers; they differ by what kind of energy they respond to best- Sensation: information brought to the brain by a sensory receptor- Perception: the conversion of sensory information into things that have meaning in the braino Differs between different