lOMoARcPSD 34208235 BS 161 Exam III Notes BS 161 Exam III Notes Cell and Molecular Biology Michigan State University Cell and Molecular Biology Michigan State University Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Farhan Hasan farhanhasan777 gmail com lOMoARcPSD 34208235 1 Describe the structure of the chloroplast Double Bilayer Membrane Circular DNA Reproduces by Binary Fission Internal Membrane System NOT IN MITOCHONDRIA Describe the internal membrane i e organelle structure within a chloroplast i e thylakoid membrane thylakoids and grana A Outer Membrane Similar to Cell Membrane B Inner Membrane Similar to Cyanobacteria a Granum pl Grana a single stack of thylakoid I Thylakoid disk shaped sub organelles formed in the inner membrane Internal Membrane System independent from the inner membrane i Thylakoid Membrane Photosystems Photosystem I II collect photons from the sun 1 Contains chlorophyll accessory pigments and associated proteins Chlorophyll pigment that absorbs UV light Mitochondria Inner Membrane Space Chloroplast Inner Membrane Space Build up proton motive force No processes occur in this space Plants intake CO2 to increase biomass Humans exhale CO2 to decrease biomass Describe the general structure of a leaf and explain where it inhales CO2 and exhales O2 Cuticle clear waxy substance on surface of leaf prevents water loss Epidermis similar to the skin of a human Mesophyll contains cells with chloroplast meat of a leaf Vascular Bundle transporting water and sugar Stroma pl Stomata where CO2 is inhaled and O2 is exhaled mouth of the cell found underneath a leaf to prevent water loss Similar to Mitochondrial Matrix in Mitochondria Write out the general reaction for photosynthesis CO2 H2O light C6H12O6 O2 H2O Compare contrast it to the general reaction for cellular respiration Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration CO2 H2O light C6H12O6 C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O O2 H2O 32 ATP Reactants Glucose Oxygen Downloaded by Farhan Hasan farhanhasan777 gmail com lOMoARcPSD 34208235 Reactants Carbon Dioxide Water Product Carbon Dioxide Water Light Energy Product Glucose Oxygen Water Energy ATP 2 Outline overview the 3 stages of photosynthesis separated into the light dependent and light independent reactions Light Dependent 1 Light Capture occurs in Thylakoid Membrane via Photosystems 2 Formation of ATP NADPH occurs in Stroma Light Independent 3 Carbon Fixation occurs in Stroma 3 Describe the visible spectrum of light and identify the wavelength s color s that are absorbed reflected by plants Visible Light Spectrum R O Y G B I V Violet Blue Light 400 nm to Red light 700 nm Shorter Wavelength More Energetic Absorbed R O Y B I V Reflected G Explain the photoelectric effect Electrons are removed from a molecule by photons hitting the molecule List the different types of pigments found in chloroplasts and identify which wavelength s color s of light each absorb reflect Carotenoids Accessory pigment Absorbs blue and green light Reflects red orange and yellow light Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Absorbs violet blue and red light Reflects green light Only Chlorophyll a converts light energy to chemical energy Explain why leaves that were once green in the spring appear orange red yellow in the fall The plant no longer produces chlorophyll The carotenoids are reflecting the orange red yellow spectrum of the visible spectrum Explain the function of the hydrocarbon tail hydrophobic on a photosystem Tethers the chlorophyll in the Thylakoid Membrane 4 Describe the general structure i e the light harvesting complex and the reaction center 1 Photosystems Thylakoid Membrane a Antenna Complex Captures photons and channels energy to the reaction center Contains chlorophyll b and carotenoids I Resonance Energy Transfer Chlorophyll b from Antenna Complex Downloaded by Farhan Hasan farhanhasan777 gmail com lOMoARcPSD 34208235 transfers photon energy to Chlorophyll a in the Reaction Center b Reaction Center Contains Chlorophyll a 2 molecules in plants 1 in bacteria I Chlorophyll a is reduced by an electron donor water H2O O2 II Photon is transferred from CLb to CLa by Resonance Energy Transfer Photon can be transferred by directly hitting the Reaction Center II Photoelectric Effect electrons are ejected from chlorophyll a III Electron acceptor is reduced by Reaction Center plastoquinone II or ferredoxin I 5 Summarize the details of the light dependent reactions Primary Photoevent Photosystem capture photons which excites CLb Charge Separation Excitation energy is transferred to the reaction center Removing electron from CLa and donating to electron acceptor Electron Transport Electrons are transported along an electron transport system NADP final acceptor reduced to NADH Protons will be pumped into Thylakoid Space Chemiosmosis ATP is generated by ATP Synthase Produced in Stroma 2 Charge Separation excitation energy is transferred to the reaction center an electron is then donated to an acceptor molecule 3 Electron Transport electrons are transported along an electron transport system protons are pumped into the thylakoid space proton motive force 4 Chemiosmosis proton motive force drives ATP synthase to make ATP Draw outline the photosynthetic electron transport chain both as the Z diagram and as a linear chain in the thylakoid membrane Location Thylakoid Membrane for Chloroplast Inner Membrane for Mitochondria Final Electron Acceptor for Chloroplast NADP NADPH O2 H2O for Mitochondria Photosystem II 1 Water oxidized by Plastoquinone 2 Plastoquinone oxidized by B6F complex enzyme in Thylakoid Membrane 3 Proton is pumped into Thylakoid Space by B6F Complex 4 B6F complex oxidized by Plastocyanin 5 Plastocyanin is oxidized by Photosystem I Reaction Center 1 Photosystem I Reaction Center oxidized by Ferredoxin 2 Ferredoxin oxidized by NADP through NADP reductase enzyme in Photosystem I Thylakoid Membrane 3 NADP NADPH Produced in Stroma List the 3 Contributions to Proton Motive Force Downloaded by Farhan Hasan farhanhasan777 gmail com lOMoARcPSD 34208235 1 H2O O2 in PSII 2 NADP NADPH by NADP reductase in Stroma 3 Protons pumped into Thylakoid Space by B6F Complex 6 Draw outline the Calvin Cycle Carbon Fixation 1 Ribulose 1 5 Bisphosphate RUBP CO2 3 Phosphoglycerate Using Enzyme Rubisco most abundant enzyme on the planet 2 12 ATP 3 Phosphoglycerate 1 3 Bisphosphoglycerate Reduction 3 1 3