STUDY GUIDE CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE CHAPTER 3 BS161 Section 3 Dr Osteryoung Spring 2015 Study suggestion Although you will not be asked to memorize the detailed structures of macromolecules and their subunits you will need to know the general structures and features of both It will help you greatly to draw out examples when studying the material below In answering the questions below refer both to the posted lecture notes and the textbook explanations The information in these two sources is complementary Also please read the study suggestions from the first study guide again and review the clicker and quiz questions A great way to study is to make up your own variations on clicker quiz chapter questions and figure out how the answers change and why Answer Review of Concept question 3 1 Answer the questions at the end of the chapter you may want to do this after reviewing the material below Many of these are in multiple choice format similar to what you will see on the exam though many exam questions will have five instead of four choices Be able to recognize the structures of the four groups of macromolecules Describe their properties Describe the major biological functions of the four groups of macromolecules and provide examples Nucleic Acids Proteins DNA Nucleotides Function Encodes genes RNA Nucleotides Function Needed for gene expression Functional Amino acids Function catalysis transport Structural Amino acids Function Support Carbohydrates Starch Glycogen Glucose Function energy Storage Cellulose Glucose Function Structural support in plant cell walls Chitin Modified Function structural support Lipids Fats Glycerol with 3 fatty acid tails Function energy storage Phospholipids Glycerol with 2 fatty acid tails Function cell membranes Prostaglandins 5 carbon sugar with 2 non polar tails Function chemical messengers Steroids 4 fused carbon rings Function membranes hormones Terpenes Long carbon chains Function pigments structural support What are the names of the monomers that make up polysaccharides proteins and nucleic acids Polysaccharides monosaccarides Proteins amino acids APP amino acid polypeptide protein Nucleic acids nucleotides DNA ATCG RNA AUCG Make sure you can recognize them What are the names and structures of the bonds linking monomers in these different types of macromolecules Polysaccharides monosaccharides linked by glycosidic linkages Proteins amino acids linked by peptide bonds the carboxyl end COOH of one amino acid group NH3 of Nucleotide slinked to complementary base bonds functional groups that properties of and their monomer linked to the amino another amino acid Nucleic acids their pair by hydrogen Know the important contribute to the macromolecules subunits Contrast dehydration reactions with hydrolysis reactions especially with regard to the synthesis and breakdown of macromolecules When and where in the human body might each occur Do these reactions require or release energy DEHYDRATION REACTIONS HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS Synthesizes polymers monomers polymers removes H2O R OH H R R R Requires energy bonds hold energy dehydration form bonds therefore it adds energy Links fatty acids to glycerol in lipids pg 42 etc breaks polymers into monomers polymers monomers adds H2O R R R OH H R Release energy bonds hold energy hydrolysis breaks bonds therefore it releases energy Breaks proteins into amino acids etc Distinguish between a triose pentose and hexose sugar How many carbons does each contain look at the prefixes like tri go back to chem and think about what they were Triose tri 3 3 carbons Pentose 5 carbons Hexose 6 carbons Distinguish between a monosaccharide disaccharide and polysaccharide Which are carbohydrates ALL are carbohydrates they only differ in the of sugars Monosaccharide 1 sugar simplest of the carbohydrate sugars Disaccharide 2 sugars Polysaccharides more than 2 sugars What is a glycosidic linkage Be sure you can recognize one Glycosidic linkage A type covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate sugar molecule to another group that may or may not another carbohydrate What are the functions of starch glycogen and cellulose Explain some of their similarities and differences Starch alpha glucose chains Cellulose Beta glucose chains Glycogen insoluble polysaccharide with branched amylose chains polysaccharide branched chains starch in animals polysaccharide branched chains energy storage polysaccharide unbranched chains structure Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose you don t need to memorize their structures just understand why they differ Why can humans digest i e hydrolyze starch but not cellulose Think about the specificity of the enzymes involved Starch composed of alpha chain The glycosidic linkages are alpha 1 4 linkages the glycosidic linkage happens between the 1st carbon of one carbohydrate and the 4th carbon of another Cellulose composed of beta chains The glycosidic linkages are Beta 1 4 linkages Humans have starch hydrolizing from hydrolysis this enzyme breaks down alpha 1 4 linkages enzymes that can recognize the alpha linkages in starch and therefore digest them However the enzymes don t recognize the beta linkages in cellulose so we cannot digest them Indicate the flow of genetic information in the cell In general terms what are the roles of DNA RNA and ribosomes in the decoding of genes into proteins gene expression Ribosomes described in chapter 4 Continue to build on this question as you learn more throughout the semester transcription in the nucleus DNA transcribes to RNA and since DNA is found in the nucleus the nucleus has to be the location of transcription which is the process of copying DNA to RNA transport of mRNA to the cytosol mRNA carries genetic code ribosomes to be decoded translation on ribosomes ribosomes decipher the code and make the appropriate protein What are nucleic acids What are their monomeric subunits What are the major functions of nucleic acids Label describe the parts of a nucleotide Nucleic acids pg 55 a chain of 5 carbon sugars linked together by phosphodiester bonds linkage between the 3 carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5 carbon atom of another deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA with a nitrogenous base protruding form each sugar Phosphodiester bond and 5 and 3 illustration What type of reaction links nucleotides together to form polynucleotides nucleic acids How do the two ends of a polynucleotide differ from one another i e what types of