Notes Chapter 2 Obstacles to Critical Thinking CRITICAL THINKING The systematic evaluation or formulation of beliefs or statements by rational standards We can sort the most common impediments to critical thinking into two main categories 1 2 PHILOSOPHICAL OBSTACLES In its most general sense evidence is something that makes a statement to be true Self Centered Thinking Self interested thinking takes several forms 1 We may decide to accept a claim solely on the grounds that it advances or coincides with our 2 You may be tempted to accept claims for no other reason than that they help you save What are some of the consequences of self centered thinking Group Centered Thinking Is it important to you to have independence and freedom of thought Why Do you ever feel subtle or overt pressure from your groups to believe certain things If so what Group pressure to accept a statement or act in a certain way has several overlapping subtypes When the pressure to conform comes from your peers it s called surprise When the pressure comes from the mere popularity of a belief it s known as an appeal also known as an appeal to the masses When the pressure comes from what groups of people do or how they behave it s called an appeal to Group thinking can also easily generate narrow mindedness resistance to change and stereotyping which is In your own words explain the following psychological obstacles to and how to resist them Resisting Contrary Evidence Looking for Confirming Evidence Preferring Available Evidence Motivated Reasoning Homophily Mere Exposure Effect Illusion of Truth Effect False Consensus Effect The Dunning Kruger Effect
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