Phil 1010, Critical Thinking, Exam 1Part A. For each of the following, indicate whether the sentence is a statement, a question, acommand, or none of these. (2 points each)1. Call me Ishmael.(from Herman Melville, Moby Dick or The Whale)(c) Command2. Will you still need me, will you still feed me, when I’m sixty-four?(from The Beatles, “When I’m Sixty-Four,” Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band)(b) Question3. On the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the peoplewhereof [are] in rebellion against the United States, [are] then, thenceforward, andforever free.(from Abraham Lincoln, The Emancipation Proclamation)(a) Statement4. I object to violence because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil itdoes is permanent.(attributed (without citation) to Mahatma Gandhi)(d) None of the above (It is an explanation. Notice the indicator word “because.” However, give 1 point for (a)argument, because there may well be an implicit argument here.)5. Wall Street rallied Wednesday, reversing the Dow Jones industrial average’s three-day losingstreak.(from Madlen Read, “Buyers Beat Back Sellers Ahead of Fed Verdict, Associated Press)(a) StatementPart B. For each of the following passages:1. indicate whether it is an argument, an explanation, a description, or none of these. Explain your answer.2. if it is an argument, standardize it. Do not forget about the possibility of linkedarguments, unstated premises/conclusions, and premises/conclusions not indeclarative form.(10 points each)B. 1. Families [studied] were part of an on-going recruitment for multiplex autism familiescarried out by the Seaver Autism Research Center (SARC)/Greater New York Autism ResearchCenter for Excellence/STAART Center, corecruited by SARC and the Autism Genetic ResourceExchange (AGRE), or recruited by AGRE. All samples are available in the AGRE repository.All potentially affected individuals were assessed by the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised(ADI-R). To be considered affected with autism for this study, an individual had to satisfy theprespecified cutoff scores in all three-symptom areas of the ADI-R and present with evidence foran onset of symptoms prior to 36 months of age.(JD Buxbaum, J Silverman, M Keddache, CJ Smith, E Hollander, N Ramoz, and JG Reichert, “Linkage Analysis forAutism in a Subset Families with Obsessive–compulsive Behaviors: Evidence for an Autism Susceptibility Gene onChromosome 1 and Further Support for Susceptibility Genes on Chromosome 6 and 19,” Molecular Psychiatry(2004) 9, 144–150 at 145.)1. (c) DescriptionB. 2. It is often said that brown sugar is a healthier option than white sugar… In reality, brownsugar is most often ordinary table sugar that is turned brown by the reintroduction of molasses. Normally molasses is separated and removed when sugar is created… Because of its molassescontent, brown sugar does contain certain minerals… But…these minerals are present in onlyminiscule amounts… . Nutritionally, brown sugar and white sugar are not much different.(Anahad O’connor, “Really? The Claim: Brown Sugar Is Healthier Than W hite Sugar,” The New York Times, June12, 2007, p. D5.)1. (a) Argument2. (1) Brown sugar is just ordinary white sugar with the molasses put back into it.(2) The molasses has only miniscule amounts of nutritionally valuable minerals.Therefore(3) Nutritionally, brown sugar and white sugar are not much different.B. 3. The U.S. economy currently holds very little excess capacity. The official data show thatcapacity utilization in manufacturing now stands at 82.4 percent up from a cyclical low of 73.9. Although these figures suggest ample excess capacity, the impression is misleading. Most U.S.manufacturing excess capacity resides in obsolete or noncompetitive plants and equipment.(Henry Kaufman, "Creeping Inflation, Monetary Tactics," Vital Speeches of the Day (Jan 2007), LXXIII: 1, 23-26at 24.)1. (a) Argument2. (1) The U.S. is currently using 82.4 percent of its manufacturing resources.(2) The other 17.6 percent consists mostly of factories and machinery that is out of date orunable to produce goods at a competitive price.Therefore(3) The U.S. economy currently holds very little excess capacity. Part C. Consider the following standardized arguments. Evaluate them using the true premisesand good form test. (10 points each) C. 1. “In that direction,” the [Cheshire] Cat said, waving its right paw round, “lives a Hatter: and in that direction,” waving the other paw, “lives a March Hare. Visit either you like: they’reboth mad.”“But I don’t want to go among mad people,” Alice remarked.“Oh, you can’t help that,” said the Cat: “we’re all mad here. I’m mad. You’re mad.”“How do you know I’m mad?” said Alice.“You must be,” said the Cat, “or you wouldn’t have come here.”Alice didn’t think that proved it at all. . .(From Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865), reprinted in The Complete Illustrated Works ofLewis Carroll (London: Chancellor Press, 1982), p. 64.)Focus on the argument made by the Cat.(1) Everyone here is mad.(2) You are here.Therefore,(3) You’re mad. True Premises: In the context of the novel, premise (1) is fails the true premises test. At this point in the book,Alice has met some people who are do not appear to be mad, e.g., the white rabbit. However,the students may not know the novel so also accept the answer that they do not know whetherpremise (1) passes the true premises test. In the context of the novel, premise (2) is an uncontroversial empirical statement. However, thestudents may not know the novel so also accept the answer that they do not know whetherpremise (2) passes the true premises test.Good Form:This argument begs the question. It fails to be a genuine argument because the premises merelyassert the conclusion.C. 2.“You spoke just now of observation and [argument]. Surely the one to some extentimplies the other” [said Watson].“Why, hardly,” [Sherlock Holmes] answered, leaning back luxuriously in his armchair,and sending up thick blue wreaths from his pipe. “For example . . , you have been to theWigmore Street Post-Office this morning. . .” “Right!” said [Watson]. “But I confess that I don't see how you arrived at it. It was asudden