Phil 1010, Critical Thinking, Practice Midterm ExamFall 2008 (Note: as this is a practice exam, the points do not add up to 100.)Part A. For each of the following, indicate whether the sentence is a statement, a question, acommand, or none of these. (2 points each)1. Call me Ishmael.(from Herman Melville, Moby Dick or The Whale)(a) Statement(b) Question(c) Command(d) None of the above2. Will you still need me, will you still feed me, when I’m sixty-four?(from The Beatles, “When I’m Sixty-Four,” Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band)(a) Statement(b) Question(c) Command(d) None of the above3. On the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the peoplewhereof [are] in rebellion against the United States, [are] then, thenceforward, andforever free.(from Abraham Lincoln, The Emancipation Proclamation)(a) Statement(b) Question(c) Command(d) None of the above4. I object to violence because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil itdoes is permanent.(attributed (without citation) to Mahatma Gandhi)(a) Statement(b) Question(c) Command(d) None of the above5. Wall Street rallied Wednesday, reversing the Dow Jones industrial average’s three-day losingstreak.(from Madlen Read, “Buyers Beat Back Sellers Ahead of Fed Verdict, Associated Press)(a) Statement(b) Question(c) Command(d) None of the abovePart B. For each of the following passages:1. indicate whether it is an argument, an explanation, a description, or none of these. Explain your answer.2. if it is an argument, standardize it. Do not forget about the possibility of linkedarguments, unstated premises/conclusions, and premises/conclusions not indeclarative form.(10 points each)B. 1. Families [studied] were part of an on-going recruitment for multiplex autism familiescarried out by the Seaver Autism Research Center (SARC)/Greater New York Autism ResearchCenter for Excellence/STAART Center, corecruited by SARC and the Autism Genetic ResourceExchange (AGRE), or recruited by AGRE. All samples are available in the AGRE repository.All potentially affected individuals were assessed by the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised(ADI-R). To be considered affected with autism for this study, an individual had to satisfy theprespecified cutoff scores in all three-symptom areas of the ADI-R and present with evidence foran onset of symptoms prior to 36 months of age.(JD Buxbaum, J Silverman, M Keddache, CJ Smith, E Hollander, N Ramoz, and JG Reichert, “Linkage Analysis forAutism in a Subset Families with Obsessive–compulsive Behaviors: Evidence for an Autism Susceptibility Gene onChromosome 1 and Further Support for Susceptibility Genes on Chromosome 6 and 19,” Molecular Psychiatry(2004) 9, 144–150 at 145.)(a) Argument(b) Explanation(c) Description(d) None of the aboveB. 2. It is often said that brown sugar is a healthier option than white sugar… In reality, brownsugar is most often ordinary table sugar that is turned brown by the reintroduction of molasses. Normally molasses is separated and removed when sugar is created… Because of its molassescontent, brown sugar does contain certain minerals… But…these minerals are present in onlyminiscule amounts… . Nutritionally, brown sugar and white sugar are not much different.(Anahad O’connor, “Really? The Claim: Brown Sugar Is Healthier Than W hite Sugar,” The New York Times, June12, 2007, p. D5.)(a) Argument(b) Explanation(c) Description(d) None of the aboveB. 3. The U.S. economy currently holds very little excess capacity. The official data show thatcapacity utilization in manufacturing now stands at 82.4 percent up from a cyclical low of 73.9. Although these figures suggest ample excess capacity, the impression is misleading. Most U.S.manufacturing excess capacity resides in obsolete or noncompetitive plants and equipment.(Henry Kaufman, "Creeping Inflation, M onetary Tactics," Vital Speeches of the Day (Jan 2007), LXXIII: 1, 23-26at 24.)(a) Argument(b) Explanation(c) Description(d) None of the abovePart C. Consider the following standardized arguments. Evaluate them using the true premisesand good form test. (10 points each) C. 1. “In that direction,” the [Cheshire] Cat said, waving its right paw round, “lives a Hatter: and in that direction,” waving the other paw, “lives a March Hare. Visit either you like: they’reboth mad.”“But I don’t want to go among mad people,” Alice remarked.“Oh, you can’t help that,” said the Cat: “we’re all mad here. I’m mad. You’re mad.”“How do you know I’m mad?” said Alice.“You must be,” said the Cat, “or you wouldn’t have come here.”Alice didn’t think that proved it at all. . .(From Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865), reprinted in The Complete Illustrated Works ofLewis Carroll (London: Chancellor Press, 1982), p. 64.)Focus on the argument made by the Cat.(1) Everyone here is mad.(2) You are here.Therefore,(3) You’re mad.C. 2.“You spoke just now of observation and [argument]. Surely the one to some extentimplies the other” [said Watson].“Why, hardly,” [Sherlock Holmes] answered, leaning back luxuriously in his armchair,and sending up thick blue wreaths from his pipe. “For example . . , you have been to theWigmore Street Post-Office this morning. . .” “Right!” said [Watson]. “But I confess that I don't see how you arrived at it. It was asudden impulse upon my part, and I have mentioned it to no one.” “It is simplicity itself,” [Holmes] remarked, “so absurdly simple that an explanation issuperfluous; and yet it may serve to define the limits of observation and of [argument].Observation tells me that you have a little reddish [earth] adhering to your instep. Just oppositethe Wigmore Street Office they have taken up the pavement and thrown up some earth whichlies in such a way that it is difficult to avoid treading in it in entering. The earth is of thispeculiar reddish tint which is found, as far as I know, nowhere else in the neighborhood. Somuch is observation. The rest is [argument].”(From Arthur Conan Doyle, The Sign of the Four, Chapter One: “The Science of Deduction”http://www.pagebypagebooks.com/Arthur_Conan_Doyle/Sign_of_the_Four/index.html.)Note: you should assume that Holmes and Watson are real people who actually lived.(1) Watson has a little reddish