PHIL 1010, CRITICAL THINKINGEXERCISES DUE THURS, 11/13KEYFROM EXERCISES 11.1 Refer to the following passage for the next six exercises.“After regaining independence in 1952, . . . Japan continued to profit from access to foreign raw materials, technology, and markets, including those of the United States. Because of popular sentiment, constitutional constraints, and the country’s reliance on the American “nuclear umbrella,” Japan was freed from the burden of supporting a large and costly military establishment, releasing funds and energies for economic development. At the same time, business benefitted from a probusiness political system.” (Conrad Schirokauer,et.al. A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations. 3rd ed (Houghton Mifflin, 2005), p. 634.)10. Which event(s) is/are claimed to be correlated or causally related to the economic growth of Japan?- access to foreign raw materials, technology, and markets.- popular sentiment, - constitutional constraints, - the country’s reliance on the American nuclear umbrella- a probusiness political system11. Identify the first premise of the causal argument using the second sentence above, following the phrase “nuclear umbrella.”(1) Freedom from the burden of supporting a military establishment is correlated with Japanese economic growth.12. Identify the second premise of the causal argument using the second sentence above, following the phrase “nuclear umbrella?”(2) Japanese economic growth is not the cause of freedom from the burden of supporting a military establishment.13. Is there a third premise for a causal argument provided or implied in the passage above?(3) There is no third thing that caused both freedom from the burden of supporting a military establishment and Japanese economic growth.14. If there is no third premise offered, is there rather one or more third party causes that are mentioned in the passage?No. Third-party causation is not mentioned at all.15. Is there any evidence provided in the passage above that would address the fourth premise of a causal argument?No.EXERCISES 11.2 A. Consider the following and identify which type of cause is being employed. For example, in the argument, “There must have been oxygen present because no fire can occur except in the presence of oxygen,” we would say that the claim concerns a necessary cause. The argument makes a claim that oxygen is a necessary condition for fire to occur.1. Jack: Let’s go to the movies at Cineplex after class. We have to get out of this building anyway.What type of cause is Jack implying by saying they “have to” leave the building?Necessary.2. Jill: OK, if we can take the new Parkway, we can get there in half an hour.What type of cause is Jill claiming that taking the new Parkway is?She appears to making a claim of a sufficient cause but it probably isn’t really sufficient.3. Jack: Well, I would rather take the old roads through town to get there, and they will get us there just as quickly.Jill: Maybe we can try out the new Parkway another time.What type of cause is Jack’s claiming that taking the old roads is?Sufficient. See answer to 2.4. Jack: I hope that means you agree because I don’t think the new Parkway will get us there, anyway. It hasn’t been completely finished yet, and the construction that is open now stops short of where the theater is located.What type of cause is Jack denying that the new Parkway is?Sufficient.5. Jill: Oh, I didn’t realize that. That is enough by itself to convince me to go on the old roads though town.What type of cause is Jill saying that Jack’s last claim provides?Sufficient.6. Jack: So what you mean is that you were not convinced by my claim that the old roads would get us there in half an hour?Jill: Well, that helped but it was not enough by itself.What type of cause is Jill saying that the timing of the old roads route played in her decision?Contributory.7. Jack: The main reason I wanted to go to the movies in the first place was that someone told meto go see Into the Wild, and I noticed today that it is playing at the Cineplex.What type of causal relation is implied by Jack’s reference to an earlier recommendation to see the movie Into the Wild?Primary.8. What type of causal relation is Jack claiming about the fact that it is playing now at the Cineplex?Necessary.9. Jill: I also heard that was a good movie. In addition, I know someone who said she knew ChrisMcCandless, the fellow in the movie, when he was in college. She said he was an interesting writer, even then. I bet that is at least in part why he decided to go into the wild, because he wanted to write to his friends while he was there. What type of causal relation is Jill speculating about between McCandless’ practice of writing and his going “into the wild”?Contributory.10. Consider the following argument.(1) The patient has a high fever and feels very weak.(2) The flu gives people a high fever and makes them weak.Therefore,(3) The patient might have the flu.Which type of causal relation is implied between the symptoms of high fever and weakness, and having the flu?Contributory, probably a significant contributory cause.11. “Although many physical abilities decline over the adult years, it is not clear that these declines are inevitable. . . . Life style factors such as a poor diet, smoking, drinking alcohol, and lack of exercise contribute to the decline in physical functioning for some people. Moreover, culture markedly influences the way we think about aging and our expectations of our physical abilities in middle and later adulthood. In Western cultures such as the United States, becoming old is associated with being frail, useless, and ill, so that many people attempt to push back the aging process.” (What is Psychology? Ellen Postortino and Susann Doyle-Portillo, Thomson Wadsworth, 2006, p. 443.)Contributory.12. “The growth and intensification of serfdom was a major tendency in Russian history….[A]t the end of the nineteenth century…thirty-four million people out of a population of thirty-six millions were reckoned as serfs.” (William Henry Chamberlain, The Russian Revolution, Volume 1 NY Grosset and Dunlop 1965, p 5)What type of causal relation is Chamberlain claiming about the number of serfs?None. There is no claim of a causal relation.13. See if you can find three different types of cause in the following passage. “After regaining independence in 1952, . . . Japan