S&E2 NotesTrue Premise Test: Don’t just evaluate the conclusion-evaluate the argument as a whole. Don’t evaluate conclusions to subargument conclusions1.) Plausible-anything in the premise that contradicts known world concepts.a. Example: None of the premises given contradict my basic ideas about why the world works. Therefore, all 3 premises are plausible.2.) Appropriate for Audience- who is the audience? Is there any terminology that would be incomprehensible to them?a. Example: The audience is high school or college students and older. The only difficult word in the premise is “precursors.” However, we can assume that either most people know what the word means or that they can look it up in a dictionary.Therefore, the argument is appropriate for its audience.b. Example: These are appropriate statements by experts due to…3.) Assumability- can you assume that the premise is true? (For example: if said by an expertor if it’s an uncontroversial empirical statement.a. Types of statements:i. Definitional Statement: a report about how a word is used. (p. 94)ii. Empirical Statement: a report of what people observe through their senses.(p. 87)1. Direct empirical evidence: when you observe with your senses. (p. 87)2. Indirect empirical evidence: when you get reports of observations from other people or from instruments. (p. 87)3. Testimonial Statements: reports of what others have experienced. (90)b. Fallacies:i. Ad Hominem: an argument that attacks a person instead of arguing againstthe view the person asserts. (p. 76)ii. Appeal to Ignorance: when a statement is claimed to be true because it hasn’t been shown to be false. (p. 78)iii. Begging the Question: when the premise of an argument asserts the conclusion of the argument. (p. 78)iv. Appeal to Popularity: occurs when someone argues that a view is true on the grounds that it’s popular. (p. 72)v. Appeal to Novelty or Tradition: occurs when someone argues that a statement is true because people have either believed it for a short time (novelty) or for a long time (tradition). (p. 73)S&E2 NotesProper Form Test1. Deductive or Inductive:a. Deductive: MUST be trueb. Inductive: Likely to be true2. If Deductive: what form? (List the forms of both the main and subarguments) *MAKE SURE TO STATE IF IT’S VALID AND/OR RELEVANT!a. Denying a disjunct: One premise is a disjunction. The other premise asserts that one of the disjuncts is false. (p. 159)i. Fallacy: Affirming an Inclusive Disjunct – ends with a conclusion that states that something is not occurring because something else is. Invalid Form (p. 160)b. Affirming an Exclusive Disjunct: The first premise of these forms is the statement of an exclusive disjunction. (p. 162)i. Fallacy: False Dichotomy occurs when a premise of an argument with a disjunction is false because there are other alternatives besides the two presented in the premise. Invalid Form (p. 163)c. Affirming the Antecedent: has one premise that’s a conditional and a second premise that affirms the antecedent of the conditional. (p. 165)i. Fallacy: Denying the Antecedent – when the argument ends with NOTS2 or S1. Invalid Form (p. 166)d. Denying the Consequent: One premise is a conditional. The other premise denies the consequent of that conditional. The conclusion is that the antecedent of the first premise is false. (p. 167)i. Fallacy: Affirming the Consequent: one premise is a conditional. The other premise affirms the consequent of the conditional and the conclusion affirms the antecedent of the conditional. Invalid Form (p. 167)e. Tri-Conditionals: Both premises are conditionals, and so is the conclusion. The consequent in one premise is the antecedent in the other. (p. 168)3. Relevance: There is no way that the premises can be true and the conclusion false. Thus, the premises are perfectly relevant to the