Phil 1010, Practice Final ExamGeorge Rainbolt’s Section, Fall 2008I. Statement Types: for each of the following statements, identify its type. If a statementcontains two or more types, choose the type best represented by the main connector.Choose from the options given below.A. Simple StatementB. NegationC. ConjunctionD. DisjunctionE. ConditionalF. None of the above.1. Bert and Ernie are characters on a popular children's television show.2. Bert and Ernie live together.3. If you don't eat your meat, you can't have any pudding!4. Every time you cheat on a test, God kills a kitten.5. There are no unicorns, unless you count the ones in my back garden.6. Don’t eat that!II. Propositional Arguments: identify the forms of the following arguments.6. If there is no God, then everything is permissible. But not everything is permissible, sothere is a God.A. Affirming the Antecedent B. Disjunctive SyllogismC. Denying the ConsequentD. Tri-ConditionalE. None of the above.17. Capitalist economies will fall to the communist revolution unless the accumulation ofcapital is perpetually outstripped by wage increases. However, in capitalist economiesthis will not happen because wages will decrease as capital is accumulated. Hence,capitalism is doomed.A. Tri-ConditionalB. Affirming the Consequent.C. Denying the AntecedentD. Disjunctive SyllogismE. None of the above.8. If Brenda Brucker is elected senator, Nazis will ride dinosaurs through the streets andrivers will run red with blood. Fortunately, she was not elected, and therefore we will notsee either blood-tinged rivers or dinosaur-riding Nazis.A. Disjunctive SyllogismB. Denying the AntecedentC. Affirming the Antecedent (also called Modus Ponens)D. Denying the Consequent (also called Modus Tollens)E. None of the above.9. Eating meat or other factory-farm food products is sufficient for contributing to thepain and suffering of millions of animals. Furthermore, if you contribute to that, you arebehaving immorally. So if you eat meat or other factory-farm food products, you arebehaving immorally.A. Tri-ConditionalB. Disjunctive SyllogismC. Affirming the Antecedent (also called Modus Ponens)D. Affirming the ConsequentE. None of the above.10. For the passage below, select the type of disjunction used. Assume that the argumenthas good form.Hera will turn Callisto into a bear unless Zeus stops trying to sleep with her. SinceCallisto was turned into a bear, Zeus must not have stopped.A. InclusiveB. ExclusiveC. None of the above.2III. Analogical ArgumentsConsider the following passage:"The Homosexual Conduct L aw interferes with more than specific sex acts - it strikes atgay relationships in a deeply harmful manner. For gay adults, as for heterosexual ones,sexual expression is integrally linked to forming and nurturing the close personal bondsthat give humans the love, attachment, and intimacy they need to thrive"… [and hencethe Homosexual Conduct Law should be overturned as it unjustifiably deprives gaypersons of many opportunities to flourish as their heterosexual peers do].[from Lawrence v Texas, the 2003 Supreme Court case that overturned Texas' banon same-sex sexual behavior, accessed 7.17.2008 from FindLaw for LegalProfessionals: http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme_court/briefs/02-102/02-102.pet.pdf]11. Identify the conclusory feature given in the argument above.A. The homosexual conduct lawB. The need for love, attachment, etc. to thriveC. The moral right to thriveD. Sexual expressionE. None of the abvoe.12. Identify the analogue used in the argument aboveA. The Homosexual Conduct LawB. Heterosexual couplesC. Gay CouplesD. Sexual expressionE. None of the above.13. What kind of analogical argument does the Supreme Court employ in the abovepassage?A. Non-Empirical - Equal TreatmentB. Empirical - TemporalC. Non-Empirical - LogicalD. Empirical - EnvironmentalE. Empirical - StandardF. None of the above.314. What is the primary subject of the analogical argument above?A. The Homosexual Conduct LawB. Heterosexual couplesC. Gay CouplesD. Sexual expressionE. None of the above.IV. Statistical ArgumentsConsider the following data, collected from a 2005 University of Michigan studyconcerning the acceptance of atheism by Americans. The data pertains to the percentage(rounded to the nearest whole number) of respondents who would approve of a marriagebetween an atheist and a member of their family (called an "intermarriage"). The surveyhad 2081 respondents.Intermarriage Attend Church? Religious?No Yes No YesApprove 19 9 31 11No Difference 59 30 59 37Disapprove 23 61 11 52[from Edgell et al., Atheists As “Other”: Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership inAmerican Society in American Sociological Review, 2006, VOL. 71 (April:211–234),219]Suppose that one were to make the following argument:The UM study demonstrates that religiosity is a more polarizing factor than churchattendance with respect to the private attitude that Americans have towards atheism.While religious persons were roughly five times as likely as their non-religiouscounterparts to disapprove of intermarriage, church attendees were approximately threetimes as likely to disapprove as non-attendees.15. In the above argument, which of the following is the relevant property?A. ReligiosityB. Disapproval of intermarriageC. Approval of intermarriageD. PolarizationE. None of the above.416. In the above argument, what is the target?A. AmericansB. AtheistsC. The respondents to the surveyD. Church attendeesE. The non-religiousF. None of the above.For the following questions, consult the chart below, concerning public acceptanceof the theory of evolution as it pertains to humans.Nation Percent Who Accept Evolutionary TheoryIceland 86France 62Norway 75Belgium 75Turkey 28United Kingdom 76Switzerland 60United States 40[from Science Magazine, VOL 313 11 August 2006, accessed 7.17.2008 fromhttp://richarddawkins.net/pdf/Science_evolution_2006.pdf]17. What is the mode of the data above?A. 64%B. 68.5%C. 64%D. 28%E. 75%F. None of the above.18. What is the mean of the data above?A. 64%B. 68.5%C. 64%D. 28%E. 75%F. None of the above.519. What is the median of the data above?A. 64%B. 68.5%C. 64%D. 28%E. 75%20. Which of the following nations is the most likely candidate for being an outlier?A. BelgiumB. SwitzerlandC. United StatesD. TurkeyV. Causal Arguments21. Which of the following errors or fallacies is NOT associated with causal arguments?A. Hasty CauseB. Slippery SlopeC. Ad HominemFor the next questions,