KIN 2500 Bone Tissue Supplemental Instruction Skeletal System made up of the entire framework of bones and their cartilage Functions support movement structure posture blood production mineral deposits Osteology the study of bones and treatment of bone diseases Hemopoesis production of RBC that occurs in the red bone marrow Categories of Bones 1 Long bone spongy bone longer than they are wide have more compact bone than 2 Short a Ex Humerus upper arm bone more spongy bone than compact bone wider than they are long almost rectangular shaped have 3 Flat layer of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone bone usually involved with the attachment of tendons and a Ex Trapezoid bone a Ex Sternum a Ex Vertebrae 4 Irregular bone complex shapes 5 Sesamoid ligaments a Ex Patella knee Anatomy of a Long Bone 1 Diaphysis a Body of a long bone b Composed of compact bone 2 Epiphysis a Where is it found Proximal and distal ends of bones b Covered by periosteum c Contains spongy bone 3 Metaphysis a Contains the growth plate b Located between the epiphysis and diaphysis 4 Hyaline Cartilage a Covers the ends of long bones b Reduces friction between bones 5 Periosteum a Covers the bone everywhere except where there is hyaline cartilage b 2 layers i Fibrous dense irregular connective tissue layer 1 Tendons and ligaments attach here KIN 2500 Bone Tissue Supplemental Instruction ii Osteogenic layer 1 Function produces osteoblasts allowing the bone to grow in thickness 6 Medullary Cavity a Hollow part of the bone in the diaphysis b Bone marrow is found here 7 Endosteum Inner layer around the medullary cavity a b Growth and removal take place here 8 What is the difference between periosteum and endosteum Periosteum is superficial and covers the outside of the bone Endosteum is deep and lines the inside of the medullary cavity Distal End Proximal End Label from book Osteogenic Derived from mesenchyme always mitotic can still divide Osteocyte 4 Types of Cells in Bone Tissue Osteoblasts Forms the bone matrix and collagen fibers initiate calcification No longer making new bone tissue maintains the health of the bone Bone Surface Markings Osteoclast Degradation or removal of old bone tissue Fissure A narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone through which blood Foramen An opening through which blood vessels nerves or ligaments Depressions and Openings vessel and nerves pass pass Fossa A shallow depression Sulcus A furrow along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel KIN 2500 Bone Tissue Supplemental Instruction nerve of tendon Meatus Tube like opening Processes that Form Joints Condyle Large round protuberance with smooth articular surface at the end of the bone Facet Smooth flat articular surface Head Usually rounded articular projection supported on the neck of the bone Processes that Form Attachment Points for Connective Tissue Crest prominent ridge or elongated projection Epicondyle typically a rough projection above the condyle Line A long narrow ridge or border Spinous Processes Sharp slender projection Trochanter Very large projection Tubercle Variable sized rounded projection Tuberosity A variable size projection that has a rough bumpy surface Compact Bone 1 Formed by the structural unit called the osteon 2 5 elements of the osteon a Central Canal i Blood vessels run through here b Canaliculi c Lacunae i Space where osteocytes are found d Concentric Lamellae i Rings around the central canal e Osteocytes i Small canals that branch away from the central canal i Found in lacuna ii Send out plasma membrane projections through the canaliculi to the central canal to get nutrients 3 Interstitial lamellae KIN 2500 Bone Tissue Supplemental Instruction a The old lamellae that are being pushed out of the osteons b Where is it Between the osteons c Has canaliculi lacuna and osteocytes but NO concentric lamellae or central canal 4 Circumferential lamellae a Encircles the entire diaphysis just deep to the periosteum b Oldest lamellae that is starting to wear away c Has the same components of interstitial lamellae d Function protection think of it as a tree Spongy Bone 1 Found in the epiphysis and metaphysis locations in bone 2 Does it have osteons No Osteons are only in compact bone 3 Its organizing structure is trabeculae a Contains osteocytes osteoblasts and osteoclasts b Also has cocentric lamellae Blood and Nerve Supply of a Bone 1 Periosteal Arteries 3 Metaphyseal Artery enter the metaphysis and supplies the end of long enters the compact bone near the center of the diaphysis small arteries accompanied by nerves that enter the diaphysis through many canals and supply the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone 2 Nutrient Artery at an oblique angle through a hole called the nutrient foramen bones bone marrow and bone tissue of the epiphyses diaphysis exit through the epiphyses periosteum and Epiphyseal accompany their respective arteries and accompany their respective arteries and exit through the accompany the nutrient artery and exit through the enter the epiphysis of a long bone and supplies the red 4 Epiphyseal Artery 7 Periosteal Vein 5 Nutrient Vein 6 Metaphyseal KIN 2500 Bone Tissue Supplemental Instruction Ossification the process by which bone is formed Bone Formation Intramembranous Ossifiaction KNOW THIS A Formation of trabeculae Extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that B Development of ossification center Osteoblasts secrete organic fuse to form spongy bone extracellular matrix C Development of the periosteum Mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone develops into the periosteum D Calcification Calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracellular matrix calcifies hardens Endochondral Ossification of the bone A Development of secondary ossification center Occurs in the epiphysis B Development of cartilage model Mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts which form the cartilage model C Development of the medullary marrow cavity Bone breakdown by osteoclsts forms the medullary cavity D Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate Both structures consist of hyaline cartilage E Development of the primary ossification center In this region of the diaphysis bone tissue replaced most of the cartilage F Growth of cartilage model Growth occurs by cell division of chondrocytes 1 B 2 D 3 A 4 C 1 B 2 F 3 E 4 C 5 A 6 D Width Cartilage grows in thickness due to the addition of more extracellular matric to the periphery outside Appositional Growth KIN 2500 Bone