Chapter 1 Anatomy studying the structures and how they relate to each other Physiology studying the functions of the structures of the body Two categories of anatomy o Microscopic Anatomy Cytology study of the cells Histology study of the tissues All research being done in anatomy right now is at the microscopic level o Gross Anatomy Gross Sub disciplines Comparative Anatomy comparing the anatomy of different species Developmental Anatomy looking at structural changes from conception through maturity Embryology study of changes prior to birth Regional Anatomy study of structures within a region o Ex head and neck or abdomen Surface Anatomy visual only look at external surface Systemic Anatomy anatomy divided into systems there are 11 skeletal systems in the body Structural Organizations of the Body o Atoms lowest structural level two or more atoms make a molecule o Molecule o Cells o Tissues group of cells including the material that is around it o Organs made up of tissues an organ can be part of more than one system o Systems made up of organs o Organisms Non invasive Diagnostic Techniques o Inspection observing the body for obvious changes Ex rash blood bruises etc o Palpation touching the surface of the body with your hands o Auscultation listening to sounds Ex heart abdominal Triangle of auscultation on your back o Percussion tapping the surface of the body with your hands The cellular level is the most basic structural and functional unit of an organism Atoms and molecules make up the cellular level Characteristics of Living Organisms o Organization o Metabolism the sum of all processes breakdown buildup of something o Growth and Development o Responsiveness detection and response to stimuli There is external stimuli such as hearing and internal stimuli such as your stomach growling when you are hungry o Adaptation changing according to the environment o Regulation o Differentiation specialization of cells o Reproduction formation of new cells or new individuals Introduction to Organ Systems o There are 11 organ systems in the human body o Each system contains organs that work together to perform specific functions o All organ systems make up the organism o Which two systems have the most control over homeostasis o Integumentary System provides protection regulates body temperature site of cutaneous receptors synthesizes vitamin D prevents water loss o Skeletal System provides support and protection site of hemopoiesis blood cell production stores calcium and phosphorus provides sites for muscle attachments o Muscular System produces body movement generates heat when muscles contract o Nervous System a regulatory system that controls body movement responds to sensory stimuli and helps control all other systems of the body Also responsible for consciousness intelligence and memory o Cardiovascular System consists of the heart a pump blood and blood vessels the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones nutrients and gasses and pick up waste products o Lymphatic System transports and filters lymph interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels and initiates an immune response when necessary o Respiratory System responsible for exchange of gasses oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the air in the lungs o Digestive System mechanically and chemically digests food materials absorbs nutrients and expels waste products o Urinary System filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood concentrates waste products in the form of urine and expels urine from the body o Male Reproductive System produces male sex cells sperm and male hormones testosterone transfers sperm into female o Female Reproductive System produces female sex cells oocytes and female hormones estrogen and progesterone receives sperm from male site of fertilization of oocyte site of growth and development of embryo and fetus Precise Language of Anatomy o Anatomy is a visual science based on proper terminology o Use a standard universal position for comparing structures Anatomic Position face forward palms out feet together Sections and Planes Sides are opposite from when looking at the person right vs left o Used to visualize internal and 3 D Anatomy of body parts relative to each other o Section cutting or slicing through a structure o Plane imaginary flat surface that passes through the body or an organ Anatomic Planes parts parts o Coronal Frontal Plane divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior o Traverse Horizontal Plane divides the body or organ into superior and inferior o Midsagittal Median Plane divides into left and right equal parts Sagittal Plane divides body into unequal parts o Oblique Planes divides the body or an organ at an angle A single section of a small intestine may misrepresent the complete structure of the object Anatomic Directions 2D images need to be mentally reconstructed into 3D images o Anterior vs Posterior front vs back o Superior vs Inferior top vs bottom Ex The eyes are superior to the mouth use when talking about body parts o Medial vs Lateral away from midline is lateral thumb is lateral to middle finger towards midline is medial LCL outside knee ligament MCL inside knee ligament o Proximal vs Distal the hand is distal to the elbow used when talking about bones Distal is bottom proximal is top o Dorsal vs Ventral dorsal is the back think of dorsal fin ventral is the front Regional Anatomy o The body can be divided into two major regions Axial head neck and trunk Appendicular lower half of body Body Cavities o Posterior Aspect Cranial cavity formed by the cranium and houses the brain Vertebral canal formed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord Ventral cavities made up of Thoracic superior part of ventral cavity The mediastinum is the central part of the thoracic cavity o Possible question The mediastinum is part of what cavity Answer Thoracic o Pericardial cavity contains the heart o Pleural cavity contains the lungs Abdominopelvic inferior part of the ventral cavity Cavity Membranes Thoracic and Abdominopelvic regions are separated by the diaphragm o Ventral cavities are lined by a thin serous membrane It is hard to separate these membranes because they are so thin Divided into two continuous parts layers Parietal layer always lines the cavity Visceral layer always lines the actual organ In between these two layers there is a serous fluid that will prevent friction between adjacent organs Thoracic