Sensation Occurs when a stimulus is detected by your body s receptors Uses sensory organs eyes nose ears tongue to recieve the stimuli Perception Occurs when the brain recieves sensory input coming in from the body organizes it and interprets it Example eye senses green and brown light long and round shapes preceives a tree Cornea Clear part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil allows light in for vision Iris Colored part of eye that surrounds the pupil Lies between the cornea and the lense acts as a diaphragm by opening and closing the pupil therefor allowing a certain amount of light in the eye Pupil Round circle in the center of the eye that opens and closes to determine how much light is recieved by the retina Aques Humor Clear fluid between the cornea and the iris which provides nutrients for the cornea and the lens Cillary Muscle Holds the lens in place accomodates late and produces the aques humor liquid Vitreous Body In the center right between the lens and the retina with jelly called the vitrous humor Retina Sensory membrane that lines the eye recieves images from the lens and converts them into signals to send to the brain Fovea Portion of the retina that contains no rods only a high concentration of cons produces clearest image Cons are closely packed together Blind Spot Point in the retina where no rods and cons are found therefor unable to produce image Optic Nerve Nerve that carries signals from rods and conc to the visual cortex of the brain How does your eye allow you to focus on objects at different distances The ciliary muscle either relaxes or contracts based on what you want to focus on When more flattened and relaxes focuses on objects in the distance When contracted and spherical focuses on objects that are close Color Blind Someone who is color blind does not have a particular cone in the retina or one may be weak How is an eagle s eye capable of such incredible visual sensation They have 2 foveas and their eyes are about 4 times as sharp as human eyes Rods Cons Perceive dim light Perceive detailed color How come nocturnal animals can see in very low light Their eyes are relatively bigger than human eyes they have a tapetum their pupils open more widely in low light and they have more rods Monocular Cues allow us to perceive depth using only one eye Interposition We are able to perceive distance based on overlapping objects the object that overlaps over another is the closer one Familiar relative size An object s smaller size on your retina when it is farther away from you Relative height Objects on the ground have to be painted on the ground and thus even higher as they are depicted farther away in depth An object off in the distance would be painted in the middle Texture Gradiant As the surface gets further away the texture gets finer and smoother Shadow The exact shape and description of this cue changes depending on the direction of the light Linear Parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge Motion parallex As we move objects that are closer to us move farther across our field of view than do objects that are in the distance Accommodation When we try to focus on far away objects our cilliary muscles stretch the eye lens making it thinner and therefore change the focal length Binocular Cues Depth that uses 2 eyes Each of our eyes provides us with a different vision so our brain puts those two images together to further perceive depth Binocular Disparity The difference in the two images produced by each eye Convergance The merging of the two images getting rid of the disparity How do 3D glases work Uses disparity then convergance Each eye produces a different color therefore producing a different image which merges together to create a 3D effect What are the advantages and disadvantages of having two forward facing eyes vs two side facing eyes Forward facing has a 180 degree field of vision while side facing has a 350 degree one The Outer Ear Pina auditory canal tympanic membrane Pina Funnel that collects sound waves Auditory canal Sound waves travel through Tympanic membrane Eardrum vibrates based on frequency and pitch then passed onto middle ear Middle ear 3 osacle bones in order malleus incus stapes Inner Ear Cochlea semicircular canals Cochlea sound waves travel through fluid ad hairs move electric signals from auditory nerve goes to the brain varries with pitch Semicircular canals deals with direction of head movement 3 tubes filled with endolynth and hairs tells the direction of sound socule utrical endolymfatica A Pina B Semicircular canals C Cochlea D Sapes E Incus F Malleus G Tympanic Membrane H Auditory Canal Soundwaves are collected by the pinna passed through the auditory canal then passed to the tymapnic membrane The higher the pitch or frequency of the sound the faster the eardrum will vibrate Vibrations are then passed onto the middle ear to the osacles which move then pass it on to the inner ear Next they go into the cochlea and make the hairs move causing an electrical signal to travel through the auditory nerve and into your brain Signal varies on pitch and loudness of sound and your brain makes sense of the signal How does the ear sense sound waves Localizing sound Our ability to determine from where a sound is coming from Arrival Time relevant for low frequency i e low pitch sounds involves the fact that sound coming from a given source arrives at our ears at slightly different times Intensity applies to high frequency i e high pitch sounds if such a sound comes from one side one ear hears it more loudly than the other and we can detect location based on differences in the loudness of the sound at each ear Visual Capture sometimes we ignore the cues for sound localization if logic tells us that the sound should be coming from another direction For example when we listen to somebody on a stage we may hear the sounds they produce from a loudspeaker that is above us Nonetheless we localize the sound as coming from the person on the stage because it seems more logical Echolocation Used by dolphins and bats A noise is sent out into the atmosphere which will bounce back and hit the organism this will determin for them where something is How do we sense smell Starts when we sniff molecules from air into our nostrils nasal cavity used to filter air once the molecules hit the back of the nose they get stuck in a layer of mucus bind to cells which send signals up to olfactory tract to the
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