Chapter 5 Biological Foundations Label on a diagram of a neuron and describe the function of 1 2 Axon D carries the cell s impulse to the terminal Axon Hillock C joins the soma and axon to collect the impulses before sending one down the cell 3 Dendrites B receives impulses from other nerve cells 4 Schwann Cells E surrounds some neurons to increase how efficiently it can carry an impulse 5 Soma A contains the genetic instructions for the function of the cell 6 Synapse neuro chemicals released from the terminal buttons of one nerve cell must cross the cell membrane and into the synapse before reaching the dendrites of another cell 7 Terminal F spreads the cell s impulse out to reach other neurons 8 Terminal Buttons G links up to the dendrites of the next neuron in the chain Describe the process a nerve cell goes through in order to send an impulse Including a discussion of Pre synaptic neurons Delivering an impulse to another nerve Post synaptic neurons Receiving an impulse from another nerve Excitatory neurons Its impulse increase the likelihood that the next neuron will send an impulse Inhibitory neurons Decreases the likelihood that the next neuron will send an impulse Threshold The level of stimulation needed to trigger an impulse Absolute refractory periods A time period during which it is impossible to trigger an impulse Relative refractory periods A time period during which it is more difficult to trigger an impulse it must receive a larger amount of excitatory stimulation than what would normally be required to reach its threshold Appropriate Sequence Excitation threshold action potential absolute refractory period relative refractory period Describe the role of sodium ions and potassium ions in an action potentials Distinguish the components and function of the nervous systems 1 Autonomic Controls the smooth muscles of the internal organs and glands 2 Central Comprised of the brain and spinal cord 3 Parasympathetic Relaxes the body during times of rest and relaxation 4 Peripheral Comprised of autonomic and somatic systems 5 Somatic Comprised of sensory and motor neurons from the spinal cord to the rest of the body 6 Sympathetic Triggers the body s fight or flight systems ex increased heart rate for muscle activity dilated pupils for better vision 7 Spinal Cord Controls the reflex arc to remove your hand from pain Explain what happens in a reflex arc Sensory information is processed at the level of the spinal cord resulting in action without involvement of the brain For example if a candle burns one s fingers the hand that receives the painful stimulus is rapidly removed from the candle with a jerking motion At the same time the brain is receiving information indicating that a painful event occurred in the hand It is important to understand that although the brain may perceive the painful stimulus the reflex arc acts to retract the hand without direct input from the brain Label on a diagram parts with an asterisk and describe the function of 1 Amygdala Center of fear and aggression responses 2 Cerebellum Round structure in the back of the brain responsible for balance 3 Cerebral Cortex The outer layer of the brain covers the cerebrum and cerebellum 4 Cerebrum The general area of the brain that contains all of the structures responsible for more complex thought intelligence and behavior Covers the uppermost part of the brain 5 Corpus callosum Connects the two cerebral hemispheres so they can communicate with each other 6 Frontal Lobe Controls voluntary body movements Front of the brain 7 Hindbrain Controls basic life functions like the beating of your heart your breathing 8 Hippocampus Responsible for basic learning and memory 9 Hypothalamus Regulates body temperature 10 Left Hemisphere More involved in logical thought Left hemisphere 11 Limbic system The group of structures that controls emotions and memory 12 Medulla oblongata Regulates heart rate breathing and blood flow Located in hindbrain 13 Midbrain Making up the upper half of the brain stem acts as a general filter for the rest of the brain and helps control focus and motivation 14 Occipital Lobe Processes visual information Back of the cerebral cortex 15 Parietal Lobe The area of the brain that processes taste information Above occipital lobe 16 Pons A relay station for visual auditory and other sensory information Above medulla oblongata 17 Reticular formation Controls sleep Region running through the middle of the hindbrain 18 Right Hemisphere More involved in creativity and artistic thought Right hemisphere 19 Temporal Lobe Processes auditory information hearing and speech Above the ears 20 Thalamus Receives sensory information and relays it to the cortex Describe what a homunculus depicts What does this tell us about the relative importance of some sensory information over other information Body drawn with sizes that represent the amount of space on the somatosensory cortex Some body parts need the most sensation Foot sensation leaks over to genitals Leaking activation Explain what happened to Mr Gage and what it taught us about brain function Suffered with a spike through the head primarily located in the frontal lobe and lost all executive control Describe the ways in which psychologists go about determining whether a certain personality trait like optimism is at least partially determined by genetics Describe what we would observe with the following 1 Frontal Lobe Damage Trouble making decisions and regulating behavior 2 Broca s Aphasia Trouble producing fluid speech 3 Wernicke s Aphasia Trouble producing meaningful speech 4 Unilateral neglect Ignoring half of what you see right parietal lobe damage 5 Prosopagnosia Inability to recognize face Chapter 6 Sensation Perception Sensation occurs when some event whether it is a sound a light or a touch is detected by receptors in your body and an impulse is sent to the brain Perception occurs when the brain receives the sensory information coming in from the body organizes it and interprets it Describe the difference between bottom up processing and top down processing 1 Bottom up processing refers to perception that is pieced together as sensory information coming in Sound hitting one ear sooner than other 2 Top down processing refers to perception that is driven by cognition Your brain applies what it knows and what it expects to perceive and fills in the blanks so to speak Think you hear the sound from where you experience it concert Explain how the following
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