Budesa 1 A PII Exam 4 Objectives Power Point 1 Acid Base Balance 1 Explain the effects of H concentration on pH levels in the body a Greater H acidic lower H alkaline b H byproduct of metabolism lactate i Also ketone bodies from ketosis burning proteins because of lack of carbs for fuel releases H into blood c Arterial blood pH 7 4 venous blood interstitial fluid pH 7 35 intracellular fluid pH 7 0 d Arterial pH 7 45 alkalosis arterial pH 7 35 acidosis e Lower pH demonstrates more acidic metabolites and CO2 2 Explain how the 3 major buffering systems work as well as the subsystems of the protein buffering system a Chemical buffer 1st line defense i Seconds Attempt to resist changes in pH muscle carnosine ii A system of one or more compounds that acts to resist changes in pH when a strong acid or base is added Can only tie up acids or bases temporarily only kidneys can remove from body 1 Bind to H when pH drops 2 Release H when pH rises iii Bicarbonate buffer system 1 H2CO3 carbonic acid weak acid 2 NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate weak base 3 HCL strong acid 4 NaOH sodium hydroxide strong base 5 Only important buffer in ECF 6 Mechanism a Carbonic acid doesn t dissociate completely but HCl does b Bicarbonate ties up H from HCl i Now pH is only lowered slightly c If a strong base is added NaOH it causes H2CO3 to dissociate more making H to tie up with OH released by NaOH i pH slightly elevated 7 Buffering power is related to concentration of substances iv Phosphate buffer system 1 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 weak acid and monohydrogen phosphate NaHPO4 weak base 2 Phosphate concentrations are low in blood so is effective buffer in urine and ICF v Protein buffer system 1 of buffering power of all bodily fluids are in the cells this mostly reflects the buffering capabilities of intracellular proteins 2 Amino group and carbon group COOH organic group a COOH is strong acid which releases H when pH rises to counteract it Budesa 2 b Amino group NH2 binds with H to become NH3 i This removes H to prevent the solution from becoming too acidic 3 Amphoteric molecules a single protein which can act as an acid or base depending on the pH of the environment 4 Hemoglobin is negatively charged after releasing O2 a H dissociates from carbonic acid but H rapidly binds to hemoglobin so pH changes are minimal i Rapid binding is because of hemoglobins negative charge due to release of O2 b Brain stem respiratory centers c Renal mechanism kidney i 1 3 minutes to counteract acidosis or alkalosis respiratory buffer ii 2x s the buffering power of all chemical buffers combined iii As CO2 expelled from lungs carbonic acid is formed and dissociated in H iv Hypercapina drop in cerebrospinal fluid This activates medulla chemoreceptors which increase respiratory rate 1 Chemoreceptors will also increase plasma H to counteract alkalosis 2 Acidosis increase in respiratory rate and depth 3 Alkalosis decrease in respiratory rate and depth i Hours or day to act on changes in blood pH ii Only mechanism that rids of metabolic acids iii Only the kidneys can regulate blood levels of alkaline substances and renew chemical buffers that are used up 1 H is proportional to CO in ECF and CO2 is inversely proportional to blood pH a HCO3 is lost when CO2 leaves lungs b H is retained as HCO3 is secreted which increases H shifting equation to right c Na is reabsorbed from filtrate to maintain balance d Need to replenish HCO3 to counteract H retention 3 Explain how the amount of CO2 in the blood affects pH levels Also what is the ventilation response to high and low CO2 levels in the blood Lower pH means higher CO2 a b Acidosis low pH increased respiratory rate and depth c Alkalosis high pH decreased respiratory rate and depth 4 Explain the ventilation response to pH levels Budesa 3 5 6 How do acidosis and alkalosis occur a Respiratory acidosis hypoventilation causes i ii Impaired lung function chronic bronchitis cystic fibrosis emphysema impaired gas exchange Impaired ventilator movement paralysis of respiratory muscles chest injury extreme obesity iii Narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem b Respiratory alkalosis hyperventilation causes i Strong emotions ii Hypoxia asthma pneumonia high altitude iii Brain tumor or injury c Metabolic acidosis causes i Severe diarrhea ii Renal disease iii Untreated diabetes iv Starvation v Excess alcohol intake vi High ECF potassium concentration d Metabolic alkalosis causes i Vomiting or gastric suctioning ii Selected diuretics iii iv Excess aldosterone Ingestion of excessive sodium bicarbonate antacid 7 Determine the levels of bicarbonate with acidosis and alkalosis a Metabolic acidosis HCO3 22 mEq L b Metabolic alkalosis HCO3 26 mEg L Power Point 2 Male Reproductive System 1 Explain the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations of the male reproductive system and Budesa 4 the effects of each a Erection b Ejaculation i PNS stimulates increase in NO nitric oxide ii Relaxation and vasodilation of arterioles iii Erectile bodies fill with blood i SNS stimulation of spinal reflex ii Contraction of ducts and glands iii Constriction of bladder iv Contraction of bulbospongiosus muscles 2 Describe the exocrine and endocrine function of the testes Example Sertoli and Leydig cells i Production of mature sperm spermatogenesis Involves the seminiferous a Exocrine function epithelium and Sertoli cells b Endocrine function i Production of androgens steroidogenesis Involves the interstitial compartment and Leydig cells 3 Explain IN DETAIL the entire process of spermatogenesis as we described in class what happens in each phase and it s time frame through the seminiferous epithelium a Takes place in seminiferous tubules of testes b Begins at about 14 years old and makes 4 million sperm every day c Proliferative phase i 3 types of spermatogonia described 1 Type A dark Ad dense chromatin 2 Type A pale Ap chromatin less dense 3 Type B ii Ad gives rise to Ap as well as generating more Ad for future generations of sperm iii Ap gives rise to B d Meiotic phase meiosis I Type B divide by mitosis to primary spermatocytes i ii Replicated chromosomes seek out partner iii After meiosis 1 1 Each daughter cell has 2 copies and the number of chromosomes is cut in half 2 Chromosomes go from 46 to 23 e Meiosis II f Spermiogenic phase i Further division but keeps number of chromosomes the same i Differentiation of a spermatid into a sperm through 4 steps ii Golgi phase tail filament appears iii Cap phase head
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