Anatomy & Physiology II LabStudy Guide for Exam 2Lab #4: Lymphatics & Homeostasis/Blood Typing The Lymphatic Systemo Consists of Lymphatic vessels, organs, tissues and lympho Three primary responsibilities:1. Collects and returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood stream2. Transports dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins3. Serves as a site of immune function (houses phagocytic cells and lymphocytes) Interstitial Fluid Accumulationo A drop in osmotic (oncotic) pressure or an increase in hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid from the vasculature into the tissueso Lymphatic capillaries ALWAYS carry lymph toward the heart Lymphatic Capillaries Lymphatic Vessels (pass through lymph nodes) Lymphatic Trunks Lymphatic Ducts Lymphatic Capillarieso Highly permeable for two reasons:1. Endothelial cells are not tightly bound allowing fluid to leak in2. Collagen anchors the lymphatic capillaries to the surrounding tissue allowing any increase in interstitial fluid to open these valvesLymphInterstitial FluidOpening to lymphatic capillaryTissue CellAnchoring FilamentEndothelium of lymphatic capillary Nodeso Nodes : encapsulated bean shaped organs containing T and B cellso Flow of lymph : Lymphatic capillaries vessels (pass through nodes) trunks ducts Lymphatic Ductso Left (Thoracic) Lymphatic Duct:1. Drains lymph from the legs, abdomen, left arm, left thorax, neck, and head2. Drains into the left jugular/subclavian vein- To be specific: “Empties into junction of left internal jugularand left subclavian veins”o Right Lymphatic Duct:1. Drains lymph from the right arm, right thorax, neck and head2. Drains into the right jugular/subclavian vein- To be specific: “Empties at junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins”(Receives lymph from lower body) Lymphatic Organso Primary: Red bone marrow and thymus- Contain stem cellso Secondary: Nodes, spleen, nodules- Site of defense against invading agents and cancer cells- Groups of nodules include: Peyer’s patches Lymphoid follicles in the appendix Five tonsils Bronchial nodulesKEY: A = Axillary node; B = Thoracic node; C = Spleen; D = Peyer’s Patches;E = Iliac node; F = Inguinal node; G = Thymus; H = Appendix; I = red bone marrowAFGHBIECDKEY: A = One pharyngeal tonsil; B = Palatine tonsil; C = Lingual tonsil**2 palatine, 2 lingual, 1 pharyngeal- Note: picture above is sagittal plane viewABCDACEFGHBKEY: For muscular picture on previous pageA = Inguinal ligamentB = Femoral arteryC = SartoriusD = Lymph nodesE = Vastus lateralisF = Lymphatic vesselsG = Rectus femorisH = Great saphenous veinEND OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLacteal: brings fat and fat soluble vitamins from intestines into vasculature Blood and Blood Typing Blood Functions1. Transportation: O2, CO2, nutrients, and hormones2. Protection: clots-prevents against blood loss; WBC and blood proteins for disease prevention3. Regulation: pH, body temperature, fluid volume, immune support Components of Bloodo Platelets:Formed Elements (45%) Plasma (55%)1. 1. RBCs (erythrocytes) – 99%2. WBCs (leukocytes)3. Platelets (thrombocytes)- The fluid portion of blood and is about 91% water. - Remainder consists of proteinssuch as albumins (produced by liver and make up a majority of plasma proteins), globulins (made by plasma cells and second largest amount of plasma proteins) and fibrinogen (a clotting protein)- Plasma also contains electrolytes (Na+¿, K+ ¿ , Cl−¿¿¿¿), nutrients, hormones and wastes- Formed in red marrow from megakaryocytes- Form plug to stop bleeding – essential for clottingo RBCs:- Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis: blood formation- Erythropoiesis: formation of RBCs- Hematocrit: % of total blood volume occupied by RBCs- Normal ranges: 38 – 46% for women 40 – 54% for men- Hematocrit can test for anemia (low) and polycythemia (high)- Hemoglobin: O2 carrying protein, gives RBCs their color- Reticulocyte: the last immature form of RBC; enters circulation then eventually matures to a RBCo WBCs (leukocytes):- Leukocytosis: high WBC count (>10,000 cells/μL) Normal homeostatic response to stress (i.e. infection, exercise) Overproduction of abnormal leukocytes are found in Leukemia- Leukopenia: abnormally low WBCs – can be induced by drugs, recent infection- WBCs: Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes**Mnemonic for leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant: “Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils BasophilsKEY: A = Red Blood Cell; B = Monocyte; C = Lymphocyte; D = Neutrophil;E = Platelet; F = Eosinophil; G =Basophil Hemostasis:o A series of reactions resulting in the stoppage of bleeding after a break in a blood vessel wall1. Vascular spasm: vasoconstriction to stop blood loss2. Platelet plug formation: aggregation of platelets from plug in damaged vessel; also releases substances that increase aggregation further (positive feedback)3. Coagulation: blood clots to reinforce the platelet plug with fibrin threads that serve to glue the platelets together. Blood is now a gel-like substance Blood TypingGFEDCBAEND OF BLOOD AND BLOOD TYPINGLab #5: Integumentary System Integumentary Systemo Consists of skin and its accessory structures which include:- Sebaceous glands (oil)- Sudoriferous glands (sweat)- Hair- Nails- Sensory receptors – receptors that respond to light touch are found closer to the epidermis, receptors that respond to pressure are closer to dermiso Functions include:- Protection- Body temperature (regulation through blood flow and sweat)- Vitamin D production- Sensory information about surrounding environment- Excretion and absorption Structures of the Skino Skin has 2 layers:- Epidermis: superficial, epithelial tissue, avascular- Dermis: deep, connective tissue, vascularo Subcutaneous (SubQ): not an actual layer of integument, but a structure anchoring the integument to underlying bone/muscle- “Hypodermis” – beneath dermis but not part of skin The Epidermiso Composed of keratinized epithelium which contains four major types of cells1. Keratinocytes: 90% of the cells – main epidermal cell Produce keratin – a tough fibrous protein that provides protection2. Melanocytes: Produce the pigment melanin (gives color) that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation3. Langerhans Cells: Macrophages that originated in the red bone marrow. They
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