A&PII ObjectivesSummer 2013 FINAL EXAMPower Point #1: Male Reproductive System- Objective 1. Explain the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations of the male reproductive system and the effects of each.o Okay, so to start off the male has primary sex organ called Testes. These testes produce gametes and secrete sex hormones. When the testes produce sperm they follow a simple path: EpididymisDuctus DeferensEjaculatory Duct Uretha (opens to outside)o There are also accessory sex organs such as epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate, etc. Sex glands empty their secretions into certain ducts: Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethal (Cowple) glands.o So to the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations Parasympathetic (Erection)- The PNS stimulates an increase in NO, relaxation and vasodilation of arterioles, and erectile bodies are filled with blood. Sympathetic (Ejactulation)- The SNS stimulates the spinal reflex causing: contraction of ducts and glands, bulbospongiousmuscles, and constriction of bladder.- Objective 2 Describe the exocrine and endocrine function of the testes. Example: Sertoli and Leydig cells.- There are two distinct physiological roles: Exocrine and Endocrine functions.- Exocrine- Production of mature sperm (spermatogenesis). It involves the seminiferous epithelium and Sertoli cells.- Endocrine- Production of androgens (steroidgenesis). It involves the interstital compartment and Leydig cells. This also has a major role in testosterone production. - Objective 3. Explain, IN DETAIL, the entire process of spermatogenesis as we described in class (what happens in each phase and it’s time frame through the seminiferous epithelium).o Spermatogenesis takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and produces sperm (gametes or spermatozoa). This production of sperm begins around the age of 14 and produces 4 million sperm a day. There are 3 phases:Proliferative, Meiotic, and Spermiogenic.1. Proliferative- This phase the sperm are called spermatognia and they have 46 chromosomes. Type Ad makes type Ap as well as more Ad forfuture need. Then Ap makes 2 B. There are 3 types of spermatogonia. I. Type A dark (Ad)- dense chromatinII. Type A pale (Ap)- chromatin less denseIII. Type B2. Meiotic Phase- Then B undergoes mitosis differentiation to make 2 10spermatocyte (4N). These still have 46 chromosomes and are diploid. Replicated chromosome seek out a partner, then Meiosis 1 chromosomes goes from 46 to 23 because each daughter cells has 2 copies and are now haploid called secondary spermatocyte (2N). o Meiosis 2 undergoes the same division, but chromosome # remains the same, but now called a Spermatid. 3. Spermiogenic Phase- this is the differentiation of a spermatid to make mature sperm through 4 phases. I. Golgi- tail filament appearsII. Cap- Head cap appears from acrosomal granuleIII. Acrosome- Nucleus and head cap elongate, and acrosomal granule differentiates to form acrosome. The head contains X or Y chromosome and the acrosome contains enzymes to function in fertility by eating away at the egg wall. The midpiece of a sperm contains mitochondria for “machine” for motility. And the flagellum of the tail is the principal piece.IV. Maturation- Cell completes differentiation to become a mature sperm so now spermiogenesis is completeo Cycle of Seminiferous to epididymus to ejaculation- Spermatogonia initiate a new cycles every 16 days for 4 cycles so a total of 64 days sperm is released to the lumen for 10 days then to the epididymis to be stored. So 74 days to make sperm and have it stored. Then it takes 10-16 days to get in ejaculation. So 90 days-ish to cum new sperms.- Objective 4. Explain the hormonal control of spermatogenesis as it relates to FSH and LH.o There are many hormones that control spermatogenesis, but FSH, Testosterone, and LH are most important.o FSH and testosterone are both required for regulation of spermatogenesis. GnRH is released from the hypothalamus anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH LH binds to leydig cells increase testosterone production.o FSH will act directly on sertoli cells increase ABP and initiate spermatogenesis. FSH binds to receptors in Sertoli cells to help initiatespermatogenesis (increase ABP) FSH also increases the number of LH receptors on Leydig cells, causing an increase in testosterone production (spermatogensis maintenance). - Objective 5. Explain the role of the epididymis and where the ejaculate comes from.o As mention before sperm migration to the epididymis takes 10 days. So we are at 74 days now. Migration through the epididymis takse another 10-16 days so we are at roughly 90 days before sperm are in our ejaculation load from the cauda epididymis and vas deferens.o Maturational changes- sperm acquire capacity for motility in epididymiso Phagocytosis of sperm- eliminating old spermSeminal Plasma and semeno Seminal Plasma- secretions from the sex accessory glandso Semen- combination of seminal plasma and spermo Sex accessory glands Ampula of vas deferens Cowper and littre glands .1-.2 ml (5%) of ejaculate, clear fluid with mucoproteins. Lubricates distal uretha Smallllll amounts of sperm Prostate .5 ml (15-30%) containing citric acid, acid phosphate, Ca2+, zinc. It serves to liquidfy the ejaculate and helps to activate sperm motility by (PSA). Seminal Vessicles 2-2.5 ml (45-80%) that is rich in fructose and protasglandins It contains enzymes, which cause coagulation of ejaculate Absences in fructose to diagnosis absence in vas deferens (in epidymis)o Order of ejaculation: Cowper/littreprostateampula and epididymusseminal vesicles (note: sperm may be present in first portionSteroidgenesis in leydig cells pathway: Cholesterol pregnenolone progesterone Hydroxyprogesterone Androstenedione testosterone (reductase) DihydrotestosteronePower Point #2: Female Reproductive System- Objective 1. Explain the time frame of oogenesis.o Let’s talk first about the female reproductive anatomy organs. Ovaries are the primary reproductive orgams. They produce female gametes (ova) and secrete sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)o Oogenesis- This is the process that produces female sex cells in the fetal period (oogonia - stem cells) Oogonia divided by mitosis are transformed into primary oocyte oogonia peak at 20 weeks and then undergoes meiosis (the number greatly
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