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A&P Exam 3 ObjectivesPower Point #1: The Immune System1. Define the immune system and its 3 lines of defense.- 2 intrinsic defense systems that act independently and cooperatively to provide resistance to defense - 1st line of defense: surface barriers/external membranes (skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions); responds within minutes; innate (nonspecific) defense system- 2nd line of defense: inflammation (phagocytes and proteins); takes effect when 1st has been penetrated; innate (nonspecific) defense system- 3rd line of defense: attacks foreign substances; takes longer to work; adaptive (specific) defense system2. Explain how the innate and adaptive systems are intertwined.- proteins released during innate defense system alert cells of adaptive defense system about presence of foreign substanceso innate sets up adaptive to be effective3. What are surface barriers and how do they function as the first line of defense?- skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions- keratin (keratinization = hardening) in skin provides tough barrier as 1st line of defense- mucous membranes provide lining for all body cavities that open to exterior (physical barriers)o secrete protective chemicals: acidity of skin chemicals (pH 3-5, which inhibits bacterial growth) stomach mucosa secretes HCl and protein-digesting enzymes to kill microorganisms  saliva and lacrimal fluid contain lysozymes which destroy bacteria mucus to trap microorganisms trying to enter openings in body- skin: keratinized epithelial membrane that is resistant to most weak bases, acids, and toxins4. Explain Nonspecific Cellular & Chemical Defense; the second line of defense including: phagocytes, phagocytosis, phagocyte mobilization, and other factors in this line.- 2nd line of defense: kill pathogens and repair tissue- phagocytes: confront pathogens; derived from white blood cellso neutrophils: white blood cell that becomes phagocytic upon an encountero macrophages: leaves the blood stream in search of foreign substances- Phagocytosis1) phagocyte adheres to microbe and pathogen/debris adherence made possible by recognizing pathogen (vaccines; complementary protein helps with this)2) plasmic extensions bind to particle and pull it inside membrane-lined vacuole (phagosome)3) phagosome fuses with lysosome, which has strong digestive enzymes, to form phagolysosome4) microbe is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes, leaving residual body simple digestion by lysosomal enzymes respiratory burst: free radicals which kills cells K+ enters phagosome, pH rises, activates protein-digesting enzymes to digest invader defensins: chemicals produced by neutrophils that pierce pathogen membrane5) residual body removed by exocytosis- Phagocyte mobilization: phagocytes flooding injured area after inflammation (4 steps)1) leukocytosis: damaged cells induce release of neutrophils from red bone marrow to increase WBCs in blood2) margination: clinging of phagocytes to inner calls of capillaries  inflamed cells sprout CAMs, and neutrophils adhere to these CAMs on inner walls of capillaries3) diapedesis: chemical signaling allows neutrophils to squeeze through capillary walls4) chemotaxis: inflammatory chemicals which act as magnets (chemotactic) to draw in phagocytes- Natural Killer cells (non-phagocytic)o in blood and lympho kill infected cells before adaptive immune system is activatedo eliminates cells through direct contact by determining lack of cell-surface receptors as well as determining cell surface sugarso chemicals secreted enhance inflammatory responseo stimulate apoptosis of target (infected) cell  cell death- Inflammatory response: triggered when body tissues are injuredo prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissueso disposes of cell debris and pathogenso sets stage for repair- Antimicrobial proteins: enhance innate defense by attacking microorganisms and not allowing reproductiono Complement proteins: inactive proteins in blood; cascade of activation proteins activated by injury; releases chemicals that amplify inflammation through vasodilatory releaseo Interferons: secreted by virus-infected cells; stimulate production of proteins that will interfere with viral replication in healthy cells- Fever: systemic response to invading microorganismso regulated by neurons in hypothalamus changes in response to pyrogens (fever-producing substance)o mild to moderate fever is beneficial because the liver retains iron and zinc and it increases metabolic rate of tissue cells (speeds up repair)o high fever is dangerous because enzymes get denatured5. Describe the responses to injury, reactive hyperemia, and the mechanisms of occlusion training.- inflammatory responses triggered when body tissues are injuredo 4 cardinal signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain- upon injury:o release of chemical mediators such as cytokines (promote inflammation and attract WBCs), histamine (by mast cells), kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and complement will induce vasodilation of small blood vessels in injured area hyperemia: more blood flow (redness, heat coming from injured area)o chemicals also increase permeability of capillaries = exudates (highly concentrated antibodies) accumulate, which cause swelling; pressure on nerves causes pain surge of fluids helps dilute harmful substances and brings important proteins fibrin mesh created- occlusion training: results in hyperemia (mediated vasodilation)o fiber type recruitmento accumulation of metabolites (lactate, GH)o mTOR activation (protein synthesis pathway)6. Describe Antimicrobial Proteins.- enhance innate defense by attacking microorganisms and not allowing reproductiono Complement proteins: inactive proteins in blood; cascade of activation proteins activated by injury; releases chemicals that amplify inflammation through vasodilatory release group of 20+ plasma proteins that normally circulate in blood in inactive state C1-C9, factors B & D, regulatory proteins amplifies inflammatory process: causes cell lysis of certain bacteria and other celltypes enhances effectiveness of both innate and adaptive defense systemso Interferons: secreted by virus-infected cells; stimulate production of proteins that will interfere with viral replication in healthy cells gamma interferon: lymphocytes; enhances T cell activity alpha interferon: most leukocytes except lymphocytes; reduce inflammation beta interferon:


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FSU PET 3323C - A&P Exam 3 Objectives

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