A P 2 Exam 1 Study guide Muscular System and Review 1 Define and identify the anatomy of skeletal muscle and explain the sliding filament theory leading to muscles contraction artery vein nerve muscular fascia surrounds individual muscles and groups of muscles epimysium surrounds the muscle right under the fascia perimysium surrounds the fasicuculi right under the epimysium muscle fiber fasciculi bundle of muscle fibers sarcolemma plasma membrane of the muscle fiber 2 tissues right next to it is external lamina and endomysium sarcoplasmic reticulum is a smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranous channel and storage site for calcium muscles have smooth endoplasmic reticulum called sarcoplasmic reticulum associated with t tubules cytoplasm of the muscle cell is called sarcoplasm Muscle fibers precursor is myoblast multi nucleated because myoblasts join one another not because myoblast split not muscle dissolving muscle mass is the result of muscle fibers increasing size Same with muscle reduction the sarcoplasm of the muscle fiber also contains myofibrils contains two protein filaments actin act thin and myosin thick form sarcomeres proteins myosin and actin actin composed of 2 strands of fibrous actin and troponin myosin composed of myosin molecules that look like gold clubs z disk another protein that holds the actin a filamentous network of protein forming a disk like structure when sarcomeres shorten myofibrils muscle fibers muscle fascicles and muscles shorten to produce muscle contraction this is done by action potentials from axons of motor neurons 2 Define and distinguish between the types of muscle fibers and explain the possibilities or lack there of of fiber type morphology when unloading space flight spinal cord injury goes from 1 2a 2x when loading training it goes from 2x 2a 1 3 State the different types of skeletal muscle contraction and the functions and characteristics of skeletal muscle muscle functions produce movement maintain posture stabilize joints generate heat functional characteristics excitability contractility extensibility elasticity 4 What are the different types of fascicle arrangements Also what determines a muscles power and ROM arrangements convergent pectoralis circular eye multipennate feather like parallel Sartorius fusiform spindle shaped rectus femoris extensor digitorum longus type 2b has the maximum shorteining velocity arrangement of fascicles determins muscles ROM and power muscles with greatest of fibers have most power pennate 5 Describe the 3 classes of levers and apply the knowledge to uses of mechanical advantage and muscle insertions to determine lever classes in the body 1 Effort and load seesaw fulcrum in middle lifting your head off of your head 2 Effort applied wheel barrow load in middle lifting your body with toes 3 Effort is between the load and fulcrum effort in middle bicep curl Spinal cord 1 Be able to draw and label the diagram of the entire CNS including labeling the direction impulses are sent for each system and division of the CNS CNS brain spinal cord PNS cranial nerves and spinal nerves Efferent motor Somatic voluntary Autonomic involuntary Parasympathetic non emergency Sympathetic emergency Afferent sensory PNS CNS Each spindle nerve is a bundle of axons Schwann cells and connective tissue sheaths 2 Describe the basic anatomy of the spinal cord the meninges and all that goes with them From outside to inside dura mater arachnoid mater and pia mater membranes are reffered to as meninges CSF fills space between archnoid and pia mater fat and veins fills space between bony vertebrae and meninges to as as padding epidural space 3 Describe the different anatomy and physiology between Gray and White matter Gray matter contains neurons which route an afferent sensory or an efferent motor stimulus to the inter neurons in the brain of the CNS efferent controls ANS and skeletal muscle ventral horns Lateral horns ANS neurons and go to visceral organs not skeletal only present in thoracic and superior lumbar regions dorsal horns interneurons receive afferent info ventral horns somatic motor neurons send efferent info to skeletal muscle largest in cervical and lumbar regions ventral roots White matter contains myelinated axons which carry impulses to and from the brain myelinated axons a nerve fiber with a myelin layer that functions to carry electrical impulses o Collection of axons INSIDE CNS is called a tract o Collection of axons OUTSIDE CNS is a nerve 4 Determine the effects of the ANS on smooth and skeletal muscle PNS somatic and efferent ANS Somatic innervates skeletal muscle and always produce excitation Efferent ANS produces excitation and inhibition and is described above involuntary conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac smooth muscle pre ganglionic from CNS to ganglion post from the ganglion to the effector organ 2 divisions Parasympathetic PNS works at rest and slows HR includes the following nerves oculomotor pupil constriction facial tearing saliva glossopharyngeal salivary gland vagus heart Ach chemical to relay signals btwn neuron and cell for all PNS pre and post ganglionic PNS innervates descending colon bladder and genitalia sympathetic SNS fight or flight innervates sweat glands blood vessels kidney adrenal medulla raises HR responds to emergency situations Ach released from all pre but only post for sweat glands all other post are norepiniphrine also called thoracolumbar system T1 L2 norepinephrine noradrenaline is NT released by most post ganglinoc fibers adrenergic 5 Explain the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems including their innervations their major neurotransmitters and the neurotransmitters associations with neurons Parasympathetic works at rest and slows HR III VII IX X o Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter for all PNS pre and postganglionic neurons o Vagus SA node Ach release decrease HR Sympathetic fight or flight emergency increase HR o Same as PNS but also innervates sweat glands blood vessels kidneys and adrenal medulla Acetylcholine is the ONLY preganglionic neurotransmitter Sweat glands release Ach but ALL OTHER POSTGANGLIONIC release primarily Norepinephrine Adrenal medulla releases Epi Autonomic Nervous System ANS receptors 1 Know the neurotransmitters of the ANS and determine from what neurons they are released Acetylcholine is released by preganglionic neurons either Ach or norepinephrine is released by postganglionic neurons o Preganglionic neuron extends
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