Summer 2013Objective 1. Define and identify the anatomy of skeletal muscle and explain the sliding filament theory leading to muscle contraction.o There are 660 muscles in the body and contain aprox. 45% water weight. Mostimportant organ during exercise is the muscles. o MuscleMuscle fasicle (bundle of fiber) muscle fiber (cell or myfiber) on this myofibrilo It explains that the thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere slide past one another, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere. In order to slide past one another, the myosin heads will interact with the actin filaments and, using ATP, bend to pull past the actin.1. Ca2+ binds to actin 2. Binding of myosin head to actic3. Power stroke 4. Binding of ATP 5. Hydrolisis of ATP 6. Ca2+ back to SRObjective 2. Define and distinguish between the types of muscle fibers and explain the possibilities (or lack there of) of fiber type morphology.o Type 1- very slow-> SS 0-20 (lowest ATPase energy) small fatiques fast aerobic – lasts hourso Type 2a – SS 21-40o Type 2x – SS 42-60o Type 2b- SS 61-80 (highest ATPase energy) Highest ATPase Very large Anaerobic- less than 1 minObjective 3. State the different types of skeletal muscle contraction and the functions and characteristics of skeletal muscle.o Characteristics- excitability, contractility. Extensibility, elasticityo Functions- Movementm maintain posture, stabalize joints, generate heato Types of muscle contractionsThe sliding filament after an action potential from a neuromuscular junction(releasing ACH down a postsynapyic cell into a t tubule) Eccentric – actively lengthening the muscles Concentric- actively shortening the muscles Isometric – actively held at a fixed length (holding a book out) Objective 4. What are the different types of fascicle arrangements? Also, what determines a muscles power and ROM?o Arrangements Circular- fasicles arranged in rings (eyes) Convergent- Broad origin and fasicles converge toward insertion (pect major) Parallel- Sartorious, run parallel, long muscles Fusiform- spindle shaped Pennate- Attach obliquely to central tendon “featherlike” Unioenate- extensor digitorum Bipennate- rectus femorus Multipennate- deltoidso ROM Parallel fascicle arrangement shortens the most. Muscles with the greatest # of fibers have the most power Bipennete (rectus femorus) and multipennate are usually the most powerfulObjective 5. Describe the 3 classes of levers and apply the knowledge to uses of mechanical advantage and muscle insertions to determine lever classes in the body.o First class lever (designed for balance movements)- effort and load are on the ends and fulcrum is in the middle (moving head up and down)o Second class lever (designed for force)- effort applied at one end on the other end and the load in the middle (moving a wheelbarrel, lifting on your towns, but weight on your traps) o Third class lever (designed for speed and range of motion) – this is the most common, a bicep curl. o Overall- the bone is the lever, joint is the fulcrum, effort is in the muscle. Mechanical advantage is when the effort is further from the fulcrum than the loadMechanical disadvantage- whe then the effort is closer to the fulcrum than the loadPower Point #2: Spinal Cord and ANSObjective 1. Be able to draw and label the diagram of the entire CNS, including labeling the direction impulses are sent for each system and division of the CNS.Objective 2. Describe the basic anatomy of the spinal cord: The meninges and all that goes with them.Objective 3. Describe the different anatomy and physiology between Gray and Whitematter.Objective 4. Determine the effects of the ANS on smooth and skeletal muscle.Objective 5. Explain the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, including their innervations, their major neurotransmitters, and the neurotransmitters associations with neurons.Power Point #3: Sleep&Mental Functions/Learning&MemoryObjective 1. Describe the relationship between brain waves and an EEG.Objective 2. Describe the different types of brain waves, where and when they occur,what they can signal, and reasons they may change.Objective 3. Explain consciousness, unconsciousness, sleep and wake cycles, and wakefulness.Objective 4. Describe the stages of NREM and REM sleep along withtheir time course.Objective 5. Describe the effects of aging on sleep. Objective 6. Define learning and memoryObjective 7. Distinguish between short term and long-term memory, and the “transfer factor.”Objective 8. How does memory consolidate? What are the categories of stored memory and what brain structures are involved with storing these categories.Objective 9. Describe the types of amnesia or memory abnormalities.Power Point #4: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) ReceptorsObjective 1. Know the neurotransmitters of the ANS and determine from what neurons they are released.Objective 2. Determine which neurotransmitters are released from Cholinergic fibers and which are released from Adrenergic Fibers.Objective 3. Name the sub-types of cholinergic and adrenergic fibers and the agonistneurotransmitters for each sub-type.Objective 4. Understand which fibers elicit stimulatory or inhibitory response and which ones may elicit both.Objective 5. Use the chart on the slide to determine the action and receptor associated with different organs as they pertain to the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems.Objective 6. Name the innervations of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervoussystems.Power Point #5: Peripheral Nervous SystemObjective 1. Classify all the different receptors of the Peripheral Nervous System by type of stimulus, body location, or complexity.Objective 2. Describe the difference between un-encapsulated and encapsulated nerve endings.Objective 3. Define the Somatosensory System and determine the 3 levels that transmit information within the system.Objective 4. Describe in DETAIL what happens at all levels of the Somatosensory System to transmit information.Power Point #6: Reflex ActivityObjective 1. Describe the anatomy and physiology of the reflex arc.Objective 2. What information must the CNS know to coordinate a muscle’s activity or reflex?Objective 3. Describe in DETAIL the Stretch Reflex associated the muscle spindle andthe Golgi Tendon Reflex associated with the GTO.Objective 4. Describe the Flexor and Crossed-Extensor Reflex as well as all the
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