A&PII ObjectivesSummer 2013 FINAL EXAMPower Point #1: Male Reproductive System- Objective 1. Explain the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations of the male reproductive system and the effects of each.o Okay, so to start off the male has primary sex organ called Testes. These produce gametes and secrete sex hormones. When the testes produce sperm they follow a simple path: EpididymisDuctus DeferensEjaculatory Duct Uretha (opens to outside)o There are also accessory sex organs such as epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate, etc. Sex glands empty their secretions into certain ducts: Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethal glands.o So to the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations Parasympathetic (Erection)- The PNS stimulates an increase in NO, relaxation and vasodilation of arterioles, and erectile bodies are filled with blood. Sympathetic (Ejactulation)- The SNS stimulates the spinal reflex causing: contraction of ducts and glands, bulbospongiousmuscles, and constriction of bladder.- Objective 2 Describe the exocrine and endocrine function of the testes. Example: Sertoli and Leydig cells.- There are two distinct physiological roles: Exocrine and Endocrine functions.- Exocrine- Production of mature sperm (spermatogenesis). It involves the seminiferous epithelium and Sertoli cells.- Endocrine- Production of androgens (steroidgenesis). It involves the interstital compartment and Leydig cells. - Objective 3. Explain, IN DETAIL, the entire process of spermatogenesis as we described in class (what happens in each phase and it’s time frame through the seminiferous epithelium).o Spermatogenesis takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and produces sperm (gametes or spermatozoa). This productin of sperm begins around the age of 14 and produces 4 million sperm a day. There are 3 phases: Proliferative, Meiotic, and Spermiogenic.1. Proliferative- This phase the sperm are called spermatognia and they have 46 chromosomes. Type Ad makes type Ap as well as more Ad forfuture need. 3 types of spermatogonia. I. Type A dark (Ad)- dense chromatinII. Type A pale (Ap- chromatin less denseIII. Type B2. Meiotic Phase- Then Ap undergoes mitosis differentiation to make 2 10 spermatocyte (B). Replicated chromosome seek out a partner, then Meiosis 1 chromosomes goes from 46 to 23 because each daughtercells has 2 copies. o Meiosis 2 undergoes the same division, but chromosome # remains the same, but now called a Spermatid. 3. Spermiogenic Phase- this is the differentiation of a spermatid through 4 phases. I. Golgi- tail filament appearsII. Cap- Head cap appears from acrosomal granuleIII. Acrosome- Nucleus and head cap elongate, and acrosomal granule differentiates to form acrosome. The head contains X or Y chromosome and the acrosome contains enzymes to function in fertility. The midpiece of a sperm contains mitochondria. IV. Maturation- Cell completes differentiation to become a mature sperm so now spermiogenesis is completeo Cycle of Seminiferous- Spermatogonia initiate a new cycles every 16 days for 4 cycles so a total of 64 days sperm is released to the lumen for 10 days then to the epididymis to be stored. So 74 days to make sperm and have it stored.- Objective 4. Explain the hormonal control of spermatogenesis as it relates to FSH and LH.o There are many hormones that control spermatogenesis, but FSH, Testosterone, and LH are most important.o FSH and testosterone are both required for regulation of spermatogenesis. FSH binds to receptors in Sertoli cells to help initiate spermatogenesis (increase ABP) FSH also increases the number of LH receptors on Leydig cells, causing an increase in testosterone production (spermatogensis maintenance). - Objective 5. Explain the role of the epididymis and where the ejaculate comes from.o As mention before sperm migration to the epididymis takes 10 days. So we are at 74 days now. Migration through the epididymis takse another 10-16 days so we are at roughly 90 days before sperm are in our ejaculation load from the cauda epididymis and vas deferens.o Maturational changes- sperm acquire capacity for motility in epididymiso Phagocytosis of sperm- eliminating old spermPower Point #2: Female Reproductive System- Objective 1. Explain the time frame of oogenesis.o Let’s talk first about the female reproductive anatomy organs. Ovaries are the primary reproductive orgams. They produce female gametes (ova) and secrete sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)o Oogenesis- This is the process that produces female sex cells in the fetal period from oogonia (stem cells) Oogonia divided by mitosis are transformed into primary oocyte oogonia peak at 20 weeks and then undergoe meiosis (the number greatly deplensishes) It begins at 6-8 wks, reaching 6-7 million oogonia (primordials follicles) by 16-20 weeks. The store is finally depleted 50 years latero Gametogenesis- Women will have all the eggs she will ever need by 20 weeks in the womb, so children after age of 35-40 can have abnormalities.- Objective 2. DETAIL the ovarian cycle. Explain each phase, time frames, estrogen production, hormone level fluctuation, body temperature, the hypothalamic pituitary axis stimulation of these hormones, and explain all graphs in detail (understand all graphs, this is the bulk of this objective and presentation).o Follicular phase (1-14 days) – period of follicle growth FSH- develops about 20 follicles at the beginning of each cycle, only one lives and other undergoe atresia The developing follicle has enough estrogen to be maintained due to theca (make androgen transfer to granulosa) and granucloas (make estrogen) cells on the follicle. It is known as the Two Cell Theory. Two cells-two gonadotrophin theory- LH induces androstenedione synthesis in Theca cells and driven by the FSH stimulus granulosa cells process andostenedione into estone to be converted to estradiol Basal body temp lowered Estrogen highero Luteal phase (14-28) – period of corpus luteum activity Progesterone is dominant here and raises basal body temp After ovulation, the ruptured follicle collapses and forms the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen. If no pregnancy corpus luteum degenerates in 10 days If pregnancy, corpus luteum produces hormones until placenta takes over (3 months)o Ovulation occure midcycle Estrogen (estradiol) is elevated at ovulation Development of estrogen making
View Full Document
Unlocking...